A/HRC/31/58 14. During a working visit to Geneva on 1 and 2 October 2015, the Special Rapporteur held an expert consultation with ECPAT International on understanding the demand for the sexual exploitation of children, in preparation for her report. The Special Rapporteur wishes to thank ECPAT International for organizing the consultation and for providing research materials based on a comprehensive literature review on the demand factor. B. International legal framework 15. According to international human rights standards, States have the obligation to prosecute perpetrators and address the underlying causes that facilitate the sexual exploitation of children. Indeed, the Convention on the Rights of the Child provides that States parties shall take all appropriate measures to prevent the sexual exploitation and abuse of children. The duty to prevent consequently creates an obligation for States to criminalize, inter alia, the inducement or coercion of a child to engage in any unlawful sexual activity; the exploitative use of children in prostitution or other unlawful sexual practices; the exploitative use of children in pornographic performances and materials; and the abduction of, the sale of or traffic in children for any purpose or in any form (see the Convention on the Rights of the Child, arts. 34 and 35). 16. The preambular paragraphs of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography emphasize that efforts to raise public awareness are needed to reduce consumer demand for the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. The allusion to demand is further substantiated in the Optional Protocol with specific obligations, under articles 1 and 3, for States parties to prohibit and criminalize the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. Article 3 (2) and (3) is particularly important, as article 3 (2) covers intent and participation to commit such illegal activities. Article 3 (3) adds the obligation for States parties to ensure that penalties are appropriate and commensurate with the grave nature of the offences. 17. In addition, the Optional Protocol calls for States parties to adopt extraterritorial jurisdiction, in particular in articles 4 to 6. This is fundamental in order to deal adequately with the often international nature of demand for the sexual exploitation of children. Article 7 of the Optional Protocol adds further crucial elements to deal with the demand factor by requiring States parties to seize and confiscate assets and funds derived from the offences in question, as well as to close premises used for the sexual exploitation of children. That is complemented by article 9 (4), which obliges States to ensure that child victims have access to adequate procedures to seek compensation for damages from those legally responsible. 18. Another important instrument is the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. Article 9 (5) requires States parties to adopt or strengthen legislative or other measures, such as educational, social or cultural measures, including through bilateral and multilateral cooperation, to discourage the demand that fosters all forms of exploitation of persons, especially women and children. 19. The International Labour Organization Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention 1999 (No. 182) also calls in article 7 for the provision and application of penal sanctions or, as appropriate, other sanctions in order to prohibit and eliminate the worst forms of child labour. 5