A/HRC/22/54 89. Despite these numerous cooperation actions, many challenges remain in communicating and providing assistance in the prosecution of CST cases owing to disparities in legislations, procedures and working methods and, in some cases, a lack of willingness to share information and provide legal support. IV. Conclusions and recommendations A. Conclusions 90. While many efforts have been made at global and national levels to set standards and develop policies and laws in view of preventing and combating child sexual exploitation in travel and tourism, challenges still remain due to: the lack of available data; the legal gaps persisting in many countries and legal disparities between countries; insufficient awareness-raising and training; the weakness of childsensitive complaint mechanism, care and protection services owing partly to scarce resources and duly trained staff; the weak consideration of children’s inputs and participation; the insufficiency of transnational cooperation facilitating the sharing of information and technical expertise; the lack of prosecution of offenders and of extraterritorial jurisdiction; and the lack of cooperation from some business operators. B. Recommendations 91. In order to ensure an effective protection of all the children from sexual exploitation in travel and tourism the Special Rapporteur recommends the following actions. 92. States should demonstrate a strong political commitment in preventing and combating child sex tourism, taking into account that such policies would not be detrimental to the tourism industry, while ensuring the fulfilment of their legal obligations 93. All States should ratify the relevant international legal instruments and efficiently implement domestic legislation to protect children against sex tourism and commercial sexual exploitation. 94. Comprehensive legal frameworks should be established or strengthened to address all forms of children sexual exploitation, including in travel and tourism, encompassing prevention, protection of victims and prosecution of offenders: (a) National legislation must be harmonized with the ratified instruments and therefore comply with international legal standards. In this process, a standardized legislative framework should be developed to be adopted by all countries, containing common definitions (age of the child, offences and guaranteeing the best interest of the child); (b) Extraterritorial laws must prohibit all forms of child sex tourism and be enforced with sentences reflecting the heinous nature of the crime; (c) Legislation should include the abolition of double criminality, the clear naming of the specific offences and the protection of children up to the age of 18; (d) impunity. 20 Effective mechanisms should be established to fight corruption and