A/HRC/22/72 17. The Convention on the Rights of Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (CMW) provides entitlements for rural women to access education and vocation training as well as protection against the use of misleading information related to migration, trafficking, or unfavourable conditions of employment and remuneration. 18. Not least, the protection framework applicable to rural women comprises a series of equality provisions to be found in Conventions of the International Labour Organization (ILO). Of these, the two fundamental ILO Conventions, those on Equal Remuneration (No. 110) and on Discrimination (No. 111) should be mentioned here. 19. The integration of these identified human rights safeguards into comprehensive legislative and policy instruments is necessary in order to achieve the full realization of the right to food of rural women. States may find guidance in the updated version of the United Nations Comprehensive Framework for Action to draw up food and nutrition security policies.16 Certainly, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and in particular those aiming at eradicating extreme poverty and hunger, promoting universal education, gender equality and women empowerment, at reducing child mortality and improving maternal health, may result in better livelihoods for rural women. States should nonetheless be mindful that following such initiatives does not relieve them from the obligations undertaken under human rights treaties. Voluntary schemes may be seen as temporary benchmarks on the path towards the compulsory full realization of the right to food of every human being, including rural women. III. Patterns of discrimination against rural women 20. A human rights approach requires the identification of vulnerable groups. The same human rights approach, however, recognizes that vulnerability is not a given attribute explainable by the sex of a person, but that vulnerability is a social construct.17 More often than not, patterns of discrimination, de jure and de facto, stemming either from the action or inaction of the State or the family, are responsible for this vulnerability. The established fact that women across the world, and especially in Africa, Asia and South America, are more likely to go hungry than men finds its roots in patterns of discrimination. 18 21. A number of treaty bodies and United Nations initiatives have joined the pioneer academics who have long advocated the need to take an intersectional approach to discrimination.19 Kimberle Crenshow’s work has exposed the “single-axis framework” that has been dominant in anti-discrimination law, which in her example, blinded the analysis, since it excluded black women’s experiences not as women, or as black people, but as black women.20 There is an increasing recognition today of the importance of addressing 16 17 18 19 20 High Level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis, Updated Comprehensive Framework for Action, September 2010. M. B. Anderson, “Understanding the Disaster-development Continuum”, 2 Focus on Gender 1 (1994); A.R. Quisumbing, “Male-Female Differences in Agricultural Productivity: Methodological Issues and Empirical Evidence”, 24 World Development 10 (1996). FAO, The State of Food and Agriculture 2010–2011: Women in Agriculture. Closing the gender gap for development, Rome, 2011; K. Hansen-Kuhn, Women and Food Crises: How US Food Aid Policies Can Better Support their Struggles, Discussion Paper, ActionAid USA. See CERD, general recommendation No. 25; A/55/18, annex V; CEDAW, General Recommendation No. 18; Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, 1995, http://www.un.org/womenwatch /daw/beijing/pdf/BDPfA%20E.pdf and in the Outcome Document of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly “Women 2000: Gender, Equality, Development and Peace for the TwentyFirst Century”. K. Crenshaw, “Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of 7