A/HRC/19/75 countries), particularly in China, India, Indonesia and the Philippines, and it is frequently promoted on the promise that it will relieve pressure on wild fish stocks, improve food security and provide livelihoods for the poor. Fish farming does not, however, automatically relieve exploitation of marine stocks, given that many farmed fish are, paradoxically, fed with marine fish. 19 Indeed, in most cases, fish farming has a negative impact on access to food for traditional fishing communities. 20 20. In many parts of the world, people subsisting on hunting activities in forest and hill areas are also increasingly marginalized. Many have lost their access to traditional forest livelihoods and food resources following the creation of forest reserves or because of development projects such as dams, power plants, coalmines and mineral industries. Many remain without access to food or to Government services. In India, for example, where nongovernmental organizations and academics estimate that dam projects alone have displaced up to 30 million people in the last decades, 21 between 40 and 50 per cent of the displaced are tribal people, most of them living from hunting activities in forest and hill areas, even though they make up only 8 per cent of the population. 21. In many countries, conflicts are also increasing between pastoralists and crop farmers, since farmers tend their own small animals and are less eager to allow pastoralists to graze their herds in the fields after harvest. In Ethiopia, for example, pastoral livelihoods are becoming increasingly vulnerable; pastoralists are affected by the lack of water, land degradation and competition with agriculturalists, and poverty has been compounded by the collapse of the export market for livestock to Arab nations following an outbreak of Rift Valley fever. In the Niger, these issues are addressed in the code rural, which set out clear rules for access to resources and sets up clearly marked corridors and areas of pasture in order to minimize conflict.22 The means to implement the code rural are, however, sorely lacking and criticism of the bias towards agriculture in it has given rise to calls for a new code pastoral that focuses more attention on the different and very specific problems of nomadic and semi-nomadic pastoralists.23 E. Peasant women 22. Women play a crucial role in the food security of households, producing between 60 and 80 per cent of food crops in developing countries and earning incomes to feed their families.24 In sub-Saharan Africa, women are estimated to contribute up to 80 per cent of labour for food production; Asian women produce 50 per cent of food products. South Asian women play a decisive role in rice production, mostly in informal labour schemes. Although agricultural production in Latin America has recently declined, women continue to contribute to approximately 40 per cent of the internal market's agricultural supply. 19 20 21 22 23 24 Rosamond L. Naylor and others, “Effect of Aquaculture on World Fish Supplies”, Nature, vol. 405, 29 June 2000, pp. 1017–1024. Susan C. Stonich and Isabel De La Torre, “Farming shrimp, harvesting hunger: the costs and benefits of the blue revolution”, Backgrounder, vol. 8, no.1 (winter 2002). Harsh Mander and others, “Dams, Displacement, Policy and Law in India”, Displacement, Resettlement, Rehabilitation, Reparation and Development, contributing paper (Cape Town, World Commission on Dams, 1999). E/CN.4/2002/58/Add.1, para. 60. Nicoletta Avella et Frédéric Reounodji, La législation foncière pastorale au Niger et au Tchad. Une analyse comparative, « Savanes africaines en développement : innover pour durer », 20–23 avril 2009, Garoua, Cameroun. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Gender Food Security, Synthesis report of regional documents (Rome, 2004). 7