A/HRC/37/30 2. Paris Agreement on Climate Change 23. The concept of resilience has gained increased prominence in the intergovernmental discussions on climate change since 2010. The Paris Agreement on Climate Change, adopted in 2015 at the twenty-first annual Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, refers to resilience in several areas related to building adaptive capacity and reducing vulnerabilities to the adverse effects of climate change. For example, article 7 stipulates that “Parties hereby establish the global goal on adaptation of enhancing adaptive capacity, strengthening resilience and reducing vulnerability to climate change”. 3. Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 24. Building on the achievements and lessons from the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005–2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters, at the World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction, held in Sendai, Japan, in March 2015, Member States adopted the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. As in its predecessor, the concept of resilience remains a central theme in the Sendai Framework. In the preamble, Member States committed to addressing disaster reduction and the building of resilience to disasters with a renewed sense of urgency within the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication, to integrating both disaster risk reduction and the building of resilience into policies, plans, programmes and budgets at all levels and to considering both within relevant frameworks. Among its global targets and priorities for action, the Sendai Framework includes a commitment to substantially reducing disaster damage to critical infrastructure and disruption of basic services, among them health and educational facilities, including developing their resilience by 2030. 4. World Humanitarian Summit 25. The World Humanitarian Summit was held in Istanbul on 23–24 May 2016 at the initiative of the Secretary-General, in order to reinvigorate a commitment to humanity and to initiate a set of concrete actions and commitments aimed at enabling countries and communities to better prepare for and respond to crises and be resilient to shocks. As stated in the Chair’s summary, the Summit was a unique opportunity for the global community to take responsibility to place people first: to secure their safety, to uphold their dignity and to provide opportunity for a better future. The concept of resilience permeated the Agenda for Humanity presented by the Secretary-General to the Summit (A/70/709, annex) and throughout the extensive consultations in the lead-up to the Summit. It was included in three of the five core responsibilities developed in the agenda: core responsibility 3 on leaving no one behind focuses on reducing the vulnerability and increasing the self-reliance of refugees and internally displaced persons; core responsibility 4 on changing people’s lives from delivering aid to ending need emphasizes the importance of building community-level resilience to respond to natural disasters and the impacts of climate change; and core responsibility 5 on investing in humanity underscores the need to strengthen preparedness and economic resilience and invest in basic infrastructure such as education and health systems. B. International human rights framework 26. Human rights are universal legal guarantees protecting individuals and groups against actions and omissions that interfere with fundamental freedoms, entitlements and human dignity. As universal and inalienable rights, human rights are applicable everywhere and under any circumstances, including in times of crisis and disaster. All States have positive human rights obligations to respect, protect and fulfil human rights. 27. International human rights treaties do not include specific reference to resilience as such. Limited references to natural disasters can be found in article 11 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which stipulates that States parties should take all necessary measures to ensure the protection and safety of persons with disabilities in situations of risk, including situations of armed conflict, humanitarian emergencies and the 6