A/HRC/43/51 campaigns, online threats and attacks with digital security tools and counter defamation through training on media crisis management. Legal advice and assistance have helped some deal with judicial harassment. Professional organizations and networks, such as journalist unions, consortiums or bar associations, have also created security tools and sometimes act on individual cases. 50 Several international NGOs sponsor peer meetings and other opportunities for defenders to reflect together on strategies to conduct their advocacy in emergencies and in conflict or post-conflict contexts, for instance on social, economic and cultural rights or to push for national legislation to protect defenders. Shelter and relocation initiatives need adequate channelling of funding. They should also be equally accessible to men and women. (Defender, Afghanistan) 49. Several relocation initiatives and schemes led or backed by States and coordinated by international NGOs, international consortiums and local authorities have been instrumental for defenders from conflict and post-conflict areas. Some have allowed specific categories of defenders, such as academics, to find temporary or longer-term protection and to continue with their professions and engagement as defenders. An assessment of these initiatives would help identify whether the specific needs of certain groups, including women defenders, are covered. Greater efforts must also be made to provide long-term and sustained support after periods of temporary relocation, as well as to secure the legal stay of defenders compelled to relocate to neighbouring countries. 50. Contributions received highlight the resilience of defenders but also the negative impact of the general conditions in which they operate, of certain aspects of their work (e.g. interviewing victims or witnesses of crimes) and of the repeated violations of their rights. How these affect their physical and psychological well-being remains underexplored and overlooked, including as regards defenders forced into exile. Several have suffered posttraumatic stress disorder and found themselves ill-prepared to deal with it. Some have reported finding few solutions within or outside their own organizations and pointed out the need for sustained psychological support. Available guidance – notably the Barcelona Guidelines on Well-being and Temporary International Relocation of Human Rights Defenders at Risk – must translate into practice. 51. Greater attention should be given to the situation of national staff, including support staff and interpreters, active in international humanitarian interventions but also in a wider spectrum of human rights-related projects, such as those with a focus on international crimes or environment-related violations. In the most insecure areas, they remain and continue to operate when situations worsen and international staff pull out. They are, in absolute terms and in rising proportions, those most affected by attacks.51 Nonetheless, the threats they face are still underassessed and underestimated by organizations. Participatory reviews are needed to identify and respond to such risks, to reconsider responsibilities to protect and strengthen the access of all these defenders to gender- and age-sensitive security training and protection measures. C. United Nations entities and mechanisms Attention to the situation of defenders in conflict and post-conflict situations 52. The United Nations has paid greater attention to the situation of human rights defenders in recent years. Human rights components of peace operations and OHCHR offices monitor and report on civilian casualties, including on protected categories and related violations of international humanitarian and human rights law. 52 Systematic efforts to collect data on attacks and fatalities concerning peacekeepers and associated personnel, journalists or health workers, 53 many of whom might be human rights defenders, cover 50 51 52 53 A/HRC/31/55. Humanitarian Outcomes, Aid Worker Security Report 2019 – Updated (August 2019). S/2019/373, para. 11. https://en.unesco.org/themes/safety-journalists/observatory; www.who.int/emergencies/attacks-onhealth-care/surveillance-system/en/. 15