A/HRC/RES/33/20 Recognizing further that the violation or abuse of the right of everyone to take part in cultural life, including the ability to access and enjoy cultural heritage, may threaten stability, social cohesion and cultural identity, and constitutes an aggravating factor in conflict and a major obstacle to dialogue, peace and reconciliation, Strongly condemning all acts of unlawful destruction of cultural heritage, which are often committed during or in the aftermath of armed conflicts around the world, or as a result of terrorist attacks, Noting with deep concern the organized looting, smuggling and theft of and illicit trafficking in cultural property that could undermine the full enjoyment of cultural rights, and are contrary to international law and may, in some instances, generate funds for the financing of terrorism, Acknowledging the importance of early restoration of the full enjoyment of cultural rights to individuals affected by conflict, and in particular to those who are displaced, Emphasizing the important role that the Human Rights Council can play, in concert with all other relevant international actors, in global efforts to protect cultural heritage with a view to promoting universal respect for cultural rights by all, Recognizing the important contribution that United Nations peacekeeping missions can make in the protection of cultural heritage and the safeguarding of the enjoyment of cultural rights, both during and in the aftermath of armed conflicts, Acknowledging the important role of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the World Customs Organization and the International Criminal Police Organization in international efforts to combat and prevent damage or destruction, organized looting, smuggling and theft of and illicit trafficking in cultural property, and to restore damaged property, Welcoming the decision of the Special Rapporteur in the field of cultural rights, as expressed in her first report submitted to the Council, at its thirty-first session,1 to consider as a matter of priority the detrimental impact of the destruction of cultural heritage on the enjoyment of cultural rights, Highlighting the important contribution made by cultural rights defenders involved in the protection of the cultural heritage of all humankind, 1. Calls upon all States to respect, promote and protect the right of everyone to take part in cultural life, including the ability to access and enjoy cultural heritage; 2. Urges all parties to armed conflicts to refrain from any unlawful military use or targeting of cultural property, in full conformity with their obligations under international humanitarian law; 3. Encourages States that have not yet become a party to all relevant treaties that provide for the protection of cultural property to consider doing so; 4. Calls for enhanced international cooperation in preventing and combating the organized looting, smuggling and theft of and illicit trafficking in cultural objects and in restoring stolen, looted or trafficked cultural property to its countries of origin, and invites States to take measures in this regard at the national level to make effective use to this end of relevant tools and databases developed under the auspices of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the United Nations Office on Drugs and 1 2 A/HRC/31/59.