A/HRC/22/50 especially women, to have their children work with them as "helpers", in order to perform the task faster. The result is that about 70 per cent of child labour in the world is in agriculture, representing approximately 132 million girls and boys aged 5–14 (A/HRC/13/33, para. 10). 11. Women also are subject to other forms of discrimination, including refusal by employers to hire women who are pregnant, leading seasonal pregnant workers to sometimes hide their pregnancy in order to maintain their access to income. They are particularly exposed to violence and harassment because of their impossibility to move away from the plantation.14 12. Finally, women may face specific difficulties in reconciling their responsibilities in the care economy, particularly as regards the minding and educating of children of preschool age, and their work on farms. The lack of access to child-care services in rural areas, combined with poor transportation services, sometimes leads women to bring the children with them on the plantation, as has been documented in the horticultural sector in Punjab, Pakistan,15 or in the informal settlements established near the plantations during the working season, as in South Africa. 16 13. A number of the issues that in practice are of particular concern to women could be addressed in principle through effective policies and laws, and collective bargaining. These include equality of opportunity policies, equal pay for work of equal value, maternity leave and benefits, child care issues, reproductive health services. However, apart from the general problems related to unionization on farms, male-dominated unions do not always pay sufficient attention to issues that matter especially to women. Male union representatives may fail to consider the gender implications of apparently neutral issues for collective bargaining, including how wages are determined, leave, overtime, or bonus systems since these often in reality impact on women and men differently. 17 To address this problem, the International Union of Food and Agricultural Workers (IUF) has for example produced a gender-equality guide and aims at a 40 per cent representation of women on all its committees.18 B. Women's access to off-farm employment 14. Women's access to employment in the industry or the services sectors of the economy requires improved access to education for girls; and infrastructural and services investments that relieve women from part of the burden of the household chores that women shoulder disproportionately. Millennium Development Goal 1, on the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger, includes a target (1.B) to "achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people," an implicit recognition that women, due to discrimination and lack of educational opportunities, are generally disadvantaged in access to employment. In September 2010, Heads of State and 14 15 16 17 18 Human Rights Watch, Ripe with Abuse. Human Rights Conditions in South Africa's Fruit and Wine Industries (2011), p. 29. K.K. Gill, "Diversification of agriculture and women‟s employment in Punjab", Indian Journal of Labour Economics, vol. 44, No. 2 (2001), pp. 259-267. S. Barrientos and A. Kritzinger, “Global value chains and poverty: The case of contract labour in South Africa fruit,” Conference on Globalisation, Growth and (In)equality, University of Warwick, 15–17 March 2002. FAO-ILO-IUF (Peter Hurst et al.), Agricultural workers and their contribution to sustainable agriculture and rural development (Geneva, 2007), p. 46. FAO-IFAD-ILO, Gender dimensions of agricultural and rural employment: Differentiated pathways out of poverty (Rome, 2010), p. 15. 7