A/HRC/31/29 family. Article 27 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child provides for the right of every child to a standard of living adequate for the child's physical, mental, spiritual, moral and social development. The negative impact of the arbitrary deprivation of nationality on the livelihood prospects of parents and consequently the standard of living of the whole family, including children, can be significant. Most stateless children live in poverty, 66 which is further exacerbated in situations of intergenerational statelessness, where, owing to discriminatory treatment, the arbitrary deprivation of nationality has carried on from one generation to the next. G. Protection from economic exploitation 39. According to article 32 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, States should protect all children from economic exploitation and from performing work that is hazardous or interferes with the child’s education. Stateless children who have been denied access to education, have no documentation and live in poverty often have no choice but to undertake hazardous and exploitative work.67 Significantly, upon attaining majority, stateless persons often have no access to the workforce for these very same reasons. 68 H. Child trafficking 40. Article 35 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child requires States to take measures to prevent the abduction, sale or trafficking of children for any purpose or in any form. The arbitrary deprivation of nationality of children may, however, heighten their vulnerability to being trafficked.69 The African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, in its general comment on article 6 of the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, found that children without birth certificates or a nationality were more vulnerable to abuses such as sexual exploitation, human trafficking and recruitment into armed forces. Children who have been both arbitrarily deprived of their nationality and forced to flee persecution are particularly vulnerable. 70 I. Freedom from torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment and freedom from arbitrary deprivation of liberty 41. Article 37 (a) of the Convention on the Rights of the Child states that no child should be subjected to torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.71 Article 37 (b) stipulates that no child should be deprived of his or her liberty unlawfully or arbitrarily. 72 Despite these legal norms, stateless children in context of migration or forced displacement are more vulnerable to arbitrary and lengthy immigration detention because their lack of a nationality makes it impossible to remove them from the country within a reasonable period of time. Such detention may be considered in violation 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 See UNHCR, Under the Radar and Under-protected, Geneva, 2012, p. 9.Submission from Lebanon. Ibid. See also UNHCR, I am here, I belong. UNHCR, I am here, I belong (see footnote 1) Human Rights Council resolution 26/14, para. 9. See also submission from the Human Rights Procurator’s Office of Nicaragua. Submission from Christian Solidarity Worldwide. See also Universal Declaration of Human Rights, art. 5 and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, art. 7. See also Universal Declaration of Human Rights, art. 3 and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, art. 9. 13