A/HRC/27/56 victim participation at the domestic level, and the lack of comprehensive studies in this area. 117. The Special Rapporteur stresses that victim and witness protection is a precondition for justice. Recommendations 118. On the basis of these conclusions, the Special Rapporteur: (a) Urges Member States to meet their duty to investigate and prosecute violations of human rights and humanitarian law which constitute crimes under national or international law; (b) Urges States to refrain from adopting, and intergovernmental organizations to refrain from supporting, amnesties for genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and other gross violations of human rights or other serious violations of international humanitarian law; (c) Encourages States to enact legislation with extraterritorial effect for gross violations of human rights and serious violations of international humanitarian law, and calls on those States with universal jurisdiction not to backtrack on their accomplishments; (d) Urges Member States to refrain from using the principle of complementarity as a “licence for minimalism” which increases, rather than closes the impunity gap; (e) Calls for the adoption of prioritizing strategies as a “focalizing” tool and a means to strengthen accountability; (f) Encourages those developing a prosecutorial strategy to carefully consider different elements of prioritization, taking into account the consequences and implications of certain choices, and to design a strategy, with the effective participation of victims, with a view to maximizing accountability; (g) Stresses that strategies for prosecutions should be particularly concerned with the systemic and/or structural dimensions of massive violations, patterns of violations, the identification of chains of command, and other supporting players and arrangements. The aim of prioritization strategies should be directed at disabling the web of actors and structures that enabled the various actors to jointly make the violations happen; (h) Urges States to adopt and implement broader institutional and socioeconomic reforms which go hand in hand with prosecutions, and complement and reinforce each other. (i) Emphasizes that designing a prosecutorial strategy is an important first step, but needs to be complemented with the willingness to implement such a strategy; (j) Calls on States to adopt all necessary measures, including constitutional and legislative changes, to protect effectively the independence and impartiality of prosecutors; (k) Urges authorities to refrain from reprisals against prosecutors for their independent and impartial efforts to bring perpetrators of mass violations to justice; 22