A/HRC/45/13 24 of the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance). Syrian Arab Republic 83. The Working Group continues to observe that enforced disappearances are perpetrated unabatedly with impunity throughout the Syrian Arab Republic in clear violation of international humanitarian law and international human rights law. In this regard, the Working Group has assessed that the sheer scale and pattern of these violations may amount to crimes against humanity (A/HRC/WGEID/120/1, paras. 140–141). It is particularly alarmed by multiple reports of several members of the same family being subjected to enforced disappearance, including minors as young as 7 years old. Concerning disappearances of women and girls, the Working Group recalls its general comment on women affected by enforced disappearances (A/HRC/WGEID/98/2), in which it stresses, inter alia, the differentiated effects of enforced disappearances in women and girls. In particular, the Government of the Syrian Arab Republic must acknowledge disappeared women and girls, and recognize the particular types of harm that they suffer based on their gender, including instances of sexual violence and forced impregnation, and the resulting psychological damage and social stigma as well as the disruption of family structures. 84. The Working Group reiterates its call to the Security Council to consider referring the situation in the Syrian Arab Republic to the International Criminal Court. 40 The Government of the Syrian Arab Republic must ensure full transparency and accountability in relation to persons in its custody, account for their fate and whereabouts to relatives, and ensure that due process and fair trial rights are respected and protected. All persons in detention should be promptly informed of any charges against them and they should be brought promptly before a judge. In regard to persons who have died while in custody, the Government of the Syrian Arab Republic should facilitate prompt, effective, thorough and transparent investigations to establish the cause and circumstances of such deaths, and if it is found that such deaths resulted from criminal acts, the perpetrators must be brought to justice. Victims, including families, have the right to redress, including the right to truth, reparations and justice. 85. Similarly, the Working Group strongly urges the Government to grant the OHCHR office for the Syrian Arab Republic full, safe and unimpeded access to the country. 86. During the reporting period, the Working Group received reports of disappearances of persons including women and children perpetrated by various armed groups, including those affiliated with the Turkish armed forces. Alarmed by these patterns, the Working Group calls on all non-State actors exercising effective control over parts of the Syrian territory and States backing them to stop and prevent disappearances, in full compliance with international humanitarian law and international human rights law. 87. On 19 September 2011, the Working Group requested an invitation to visit the country. No response yet has been received from the Government, in spite of several reminders. The Working Group hopes to receive a positive reply soon. Turkey 88. Detailed observations are outlined in the follow-up report on Turkey, which is contained in an addendum to the present report (A/HRC/45/13/Add.4). Turkmenistan 89. The reporting period witnessed increased engagement between the Government of Turkmenistan and the Working Group. The Government provided information on the fate 40 A/HRC/27/49, para. 99; and A/HRC/33/51, para. 103. 23