A/HRC/32/37 Governments. Yet, such solutions create multiple levels of risk. States must take particular care when implementing information and communications technology programmes in education so as to recognize the risks that emerge from selecting proprietary providers of hardware, software and education materials. 79. Persons with disabilities, particularly those who cannot make use of print media, are denied access to information and cultural life when copyright laws prevent them from converting media to other formats. The use of Braille printers, text readers or digitalization aides to convert print media into accessible formats amounts to illegal copying, unless exceptions are created in national laws. While exceptions have been created by some countries, a general exception allowing texts to be converted for the purposes of accessibility should be made a general principle of copyright law. 80. The Accessible Books Consortium (a multi-stakeholder partnership comprising the World Intellectual Property Organization, organizations that serve people with print disabilities and organizations representing publishers and authors) is converting books into formats to make them available to people who are blind, have low vision or are otherwise print disabled. Such partnerships should be encouraged to ensure human rights in education are met. 81. The Committee on the Rights of the Child has called 42 upon States to establish copyright exceptions that benefit children with visual or other impairments, reinforcing the obligation set out in article 30 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities for States to ensure that laws protecting intellectual property rights do not constitute an unreasonable or discriminatory barrier to access by persons with disabilities to cultural materials. 82. The Special Rapporteur urges States to ratify and implement the 2013 Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate Access to Published Works for Persons Who Are Blind, Visually Impaired, or Otherwise Print Disabled, which calls for the creation of copyright exceptions in national legislation to ensure the accessibility of published works, in any media, for blind, visually impaired or otherwise print-disabled persons. B. Open licensing frameworks 83. Copyright law reserves all rights to the author or owner and requires either legislative or licensed exceptions to be set out in an agreement. On the other hand, open licensing allows authors to publish their work for anyone to share and use, while still allowing them to reserve more rights if they choose. 84. In order to create a standardized and widely recognized open licensing framework, the non-profit organization Creative Commons developed a series of standardized copyright licenses. Creative Commons encourages copyright owners to license the use of their material through open content licences. These will allow for better identification, negotiation and use of their content for the purposes of creativity, education and innovation. By minimizing copyright licensing efforts and complexity, authors can ensure their work is rapidly and easily used.43 42 43 See Committee on the Rights of the Child general comment No. 16 (2013) on State obligations regarding the impact of business on children’s rights. Berkman Center for Internet and Society, Harvard Law School, “The digital learning challenge: obstacles to educational uses of copyrighted material in the digital age”. Available from http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/media/files/copyrightandeducation.html. 15