A/HRC/20/20 39. Educational curricula (such as training and specialization courses and post-graduate degrees) should be taken into consideration in the promotion of magistrates, judges and prosecutors. The areas of interest and/or further studies undertaken by judicial actors are too rarely taken into account in the criteria for their career development plans (promotion, transfer and other circumstances of mobility) or the procedures for filling vacant posts. 40. The Special Rapporteur observed that the main challenges for delivering justice were case backlog and workload, its costs and length of time. She believes that the various forms of alternative dispute-resolution constitute important mechanisms for solving conflicts; justice system actors should thus strengthen their use. The replies to the questionnaire showed that such alternative dispute-resolution mechanisms are being widely used; justice system actors should therefore be trained on how to use them properly. GLOBAL THEMATIC STUDY HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATION AND CONTINUING TRAINING OF LEGAL PROFESSIONALS Participating countries - Forms of alternative dispute resolution. 86,9% 90,0% 75,4% 73,8% 80,0% 70,0% 60,0% 50,0% % 31,1% 40,0% 30,0% 20,0% 10,0% 0,0% Mediation Arbitration Conciliation Community Justice 41. The United States of America noted that several other forms of alternative disputeresolution mechanisms are being developed, including case evaluation, early neutral evaluations, facilitations, family group conferences, mini-trials, ombudspersons, private judging and settlement conferences. 2. Institutions 42. The Special Rapporteur highlights the role played by several institutions that contribute to the promotion and protection of human rights. According to the information provided in the replies received, human rights national institutions exist in about two thirds of the States surveyed. In addition, universities have the responsibility to provide, in law and social and political sciences courses, general basic education on the legal system to the future actors of the legal professions. The questionnaire also revealed the existence of a similarity in the organization of the functional structure of courts of justice, which is an important instrument ensuring a two-tier level of jurisdiction (judicial authority). Most States have judicial academies or schools for magistrates; they also have associations of judges and prosecutors, as well as bar associations. 3. Financial resources 43. In 46 per cent of participating States, the Supreme Court has the responsibility of managing its own budget; in 45 per cent, national or high judiciary councils manage their own budget; in 32.9 per cent, the executive organ manages the budget of the judiciary. 12