A/HRC/20/20 53. For all legal professions, initial training is usually provided by law faculties, judicial academies, universities and bar associations. Judges and prosecutors usually undergo the same legal education and are specialized after its completion, or after admission to a particular judicial or prosecutorial school or academy. There is usually a joint programme for both judges and prosecutors. Lawyers, however, do not have to undergo specific postlaw school training as a requirement of the legal system. They are required to spend a period of time in a professional internship. The focus of advanced education of lawyers is left to them. Their ongoing training is done on a voluntary basis, for which reason they are not required to attend training programmes on a regular basis. 54. By way of example, in Tunisia, judges and prosecutors attend continuing training sessions twice a year; training is compulsory for judges having served for less than six years. In Australia, training is usually tailored to specific specializations, such as family law. In Austria, seminars are open for certain targeted groups. 55. The table below reflects the important role that judicial schools have played in the capacity-building and training of judges and magistrates, prosecutors and public defenders, and that of bar Associations in the training of lawyers. GLOBAL THEMATIC STUDY HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATION AND CONTINUING TRAINING OF LEGAL PROFESSIONALS Participating countries – institutions providing training to judges, prosecutors, lawyers and public defenders 80,0% 75,0% 67,9% 70,0% 60,0% 53,1% 50,0% % 38,8% 39,1% 40,0% 30,0% 26,8% 30,4% 27,8% 26,1% 20,4% 17,9% 20,0% 10,7% 21,7% 16,7% 12,2% 11,1% 10,0% 0,0% Just. Min. Prof. sch. Just. Ass. Judges Uni Just. Min. sch. Just. Prof. Ass. Prosecutors Uni Prof. Ass. Uni Just. Min. sch. Just. Lawyers Just. Prof. sch. Ass. Uni Min. Just. Public Defenders Legend: Just. Sch.= Justice schools / Min. Just.= Ministry of Justice / Prof. Ass.= Professional Association / Uni = Universities 56. As shown in the table, public defenders have the lowest number of institutions responsible for their training. This fact highlights the need for investments in the creation of legal schools or institutions and for greater promotion of capacity-building courses. The Special Rapporteur emphasizes her concern that, as a result, access to justice may be jeopardized. 57. Universities and Law Schools also play a vital role in international human rights law training and capacity-building for lawyers and public defenders, to a far greater extent than in the case of capacity-building for judges and prosecutors. With regard to magistrates, judges and prosecutors, universities are responsible for specialization courses and postgraduate degrees. Judicial academies usually offer specialized training for judges and magistrates designed for and tailored to the needs of their functions. 58. In this context, the Special Rapporteur highlights the important role played by nongovernmental organizations in capacity-building programmes in several States, particularly 15