A/HRC/8/10 page 17 (b) The existence of a dominant paradigm of aid, based on the widely-held premise that assistance is most effective in States with stronger policies and institutional adjustments.39 Despite bilateral donors’ emphasis on the importance of assisting the countries with the most pressing needs, such countries - also called emergency-affected fragile States - receive approximately 43 per cent less funding than they would need based on the size of their population, their degree of poverty and their level of political and institutional development. Also, their flows of aid have been twice as volatile as those of the low-income countries;40 (c) Donors are reluctant to consider education as part of aid and humanitarian response, despite the fact that emergency situations can, and often do, last for many years; (d) The priorities of the donors have moved from the financing of long-term development needs, to concentrate instead on humanitarian disaster relief. This frequently causes donors to concentrate on activities in the traditional fields of food, health and shelter;41 (e) Lack of continuity in funding between the onset of an emergency and reconstruction (often divided into “humanitarian phases” and “development phases”); (f) Limited evidence concerning the effectiveness and responsibility of the providers of education in emergencies. 73. The limited involvement of donors in the implementation of the right to education has hampered coordination, the development of partnerships, examination of alternative funding models and the building of risk-management capabilities. Currently a number of worthy measures to tackle these questions are being taken, but there is a need for encouragement by way of a greater commitment by the international community as a whole. IV. EDUCATION PROVIDERS IN SITUATIONS OF EMERGENCY 74. There is no single agency to which States requiring educational assistance can turn in an emergency. Nor is there a single funding mechanism for channelling financial resources. 75. On the contrary, a plethora of actors take the stage, each with its own expertise, agenda and distinct priorities, mandates, capacities, spheres of influence, field presence and financial bases. They include both agencies and other bodies of the United Nations system; bilateral and 39 McGillivray, M., Aid Allocation and Fragile States, Instituto Mundial de Investigaciones de Economía del Desarrollo, Finlandia. Documento de información para el Foro de alto nivel para el desarrollo de la eficacia en Estados Frágiles, 13 a 14 de junio de 2005, Lancaster House, Londres. 40 41 Ibid. Declaración para su adopción por el Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas, Simposio sobre la nutrición en situaciones de conflicto y crisis, 12 y 13 de marzo de 2002, 24 SCN News, Comité Permanent de Nutrición, julio de 2002.