A/HRC/40/52 holder allege the use of torture, 100 arbitrary detention, 101 sometimes followed by illegal deportation, 102 incommunicado and secret detention, 103 and enforced disappearance, 104 including by secret services operating on foreign soil. 105 Some extremely serious measures, such as mass detention, affect entire religious and minority groups, thereby affecting members of civil society as well.106 K. Judicial harassment 56. There is increasing use of spurious criminal proceedings under security legislation against civil society.107 In many cases, it appears that charges under security legislation are brought to legitimize other measures taken against civil society actors, such as house raids, arrests, detention (often lengthy) and travel bans. L. Group persecution 57. Multiple allegations received by the mandate holder refer to the systematic persecution and repression of certain religious and ethnic minorities, including Ahmadis, Dalits, Uighurs, Kazakhs, members of the Church of Scientology and Jehovah’s Witnesses, through undue restrictions on their rights to freedom of religion or belief, freedom of expression and peaceful assembly. This includes dissolution or closure of their societies, organizations and entities, criminalization of their activities, restrictions on certain practices, systematic harassment of clerics, leaders, representatives and members, and restrictions on the right to practice a religion and peaceful assembly, together with the discriminatory imposition of various administrative measures. 108 The Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief has noted that some Governments use security reasons to formally ban religious or belief groups and render membership in these groups a criminal offence. The criteria for this do not always appear to be clear, or closely connected to proof of the group’s engagement in or material support for violence or incitement. 109 58. Indigenous groups such as the Mapuche have been targeted, 110 and, in one case, the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples, Victoria Tauli Corpuz, was defined as a terrorist in a government petition. 111 Such tactics are being used against women activists and human rights defenders. Women have been subjected to death threats and personal and directed attacks by government officials, which in some cases have led to physical attacks on prominent women human rights defenders and their properties. 112 Human rights defenders experience reprisals for speaking to the Human Rights Council and in other international settings about the human rights situation in their countries.113 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 16 RUS 16-2018. See also A/HRC/WGAD/2017/46. RUS 15-2018, RUS 22-2018 and RUS 17-2018. See also A/HRC/WGAD/2018/29. GAB 2-2018 ARE 1-2018 and CHN 15-2018. See also A/HRC/WGAD/2018/11 and A/HRC/WGAD/2017/83. ISR 5-2018. TUR 6-2018, KSV 1-2018 and KSV 2-2018. CHN 21-2018. See, for example, ARE 1-2018, DNK 2-2018, EGY 14-2018, NIC 4-2018, NIC 5-2018, IND 21 2018, TUR 7-2018, TUR 11-2017, RUS 14-2018, RUS 15-2018, RUS 16-2018, RUS 17-2018, RUS 192018, RUS 22-2018, SAU 11-2018, SAU 14-2018, TUR 13-2017, TUR 1-2018, TUR 3-2018, TUR 4-2018, TUR 7 2018 and TUR 14-2018. BHR 5-2016, PAK 11-2016, RUS 19-2018, RUS 22-2018, SAU 14-2018 and CHN 21-2018. A/73/362, para. 20. CHL 2-2018 and CHL 3-2018. PHL 5-2018. NIC 4-2018. NIC 5-2018 and PHL 5-2018.