A/HRC/40/29 against, how and why, and who is experiencing multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination and inequality; (b) identifying patterns of discrimination in law, policies and practices, and addressing entrenched structural barriers and unequal power relations that generate and perpetuate inequality over generations; and (c) supporting the free, active and meaningful participation of all stakeholders, particularly the most marginalized, in the implementation of policy and other measures to promote equality, so as to ensure accountability, recourse and remedies for all. A number of emerging good practices by stakeholders in adopting a human rights-based approach to ensuring equality and inclusiveness have been identified. 26. The Kenya National Bureau of Statistics and the Kenya National Commission on Human Rights signed a memorandum of understanding in 2017 that provides the framework for their institutional collaboration in the area of Sustainable Development Goal indicators and data collection, with a focus on Goals 10 and 16. With technical support from the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), the two institutions analysed recommendations from United Nations human rights mechanisms, developed a list of 25 population groups that might be at the risk of being left behind and identified 128 indicators for which data are available. In 2018, for the first time, a set of indicators on albinism and self-identification of indigenous persons was included in the population census, an approach that was hailed as a best practice by the Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism. 27. The city of Vienna has been monitoring the implementation of its integration policies in various areas, including political participation, education, employment, social protection and housing, for over a decade. The disaggregation and analysis of the data collected has allowed the city to evaluate its policies and programmes and adapt to the diverse needs of the population. 12 28. In the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Equality and Human Rights Commission, in partnership with the Scottish Human Rights Commission, developed the Measurement Framework for Equality and Human Rights, covering England, Scotland and Wales. The indicators developed were used in the Commission’s report Is Britain Fairer? in relation to equality of opportunity and freedom from unlawful discrimination and harassment. The areas covered by the study include: life; health; education; standard of living; expression and self-respect; and participation, influence and voice.13 29. Community-based initiatives are crucial for sustainable development. Experience has shown that top-down approaches to development often result in disempowering individuals and communities by treating them as passive observers rather than active participants in designing their own vision of development. Supporting the free, active and meaningful participation of all stakeholders begins with listening to communities. For example, the National Slum Dwellers Federation of Uganda conducted participatory enumerations in 2010 in five cities, which allowed people living in informal settlements, who are generally left out of official surveys, to map their settlements, assess their needs and priorities and measure their contribution to the local economy. Such participatory exercises, also conducted in other countries such as Kenya, India and South Africa, have transformed the capacity of communities and their relationship with local authorities and other stakeholders, such as the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UNHabitat), and has allowed stakeholders and authorities to move from isolated interventions to a more systematic approach to planning and implementing slum upgrading programmes.14 Similarly, eviction impact assessments have allowed some communities to 12 13 14 8 See Monitoring Integration Diversity Vienna 2013–2016, available from www.wien.gv.at/english/social/integration/facts-figures/monitoring.html (short version available in English and German). See www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/publication-download/britain-fairer-2018. See, for example, Makau, Dobson and Samia, “The five-city enumeration: the role of participatory enumerations in developing community capacity and partnerships with government in Uganda”, Environment and Urbanization, vol. 24, No. 1 (April 2012). Available from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0956247812438368.