A/HRC/31/80 8. Costa Rica: improving migrants’ access to services 39. Through the Joint Programme on Youth, Employment and Migration, IOM, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and UNHCR facilitate the educational integration of young migrants and refugees in two cities in Costa Rica. The Programme runs workshops in selected communities to raise teachers’ awareness of young migrants’ rights, and assists officials in improving the access of migrants to health and education, immigration advice and labour opportunities. 9. European Union: human rights training for border authorities 40. OHCHR provided technical assistance to the European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of Member States of the European Union (FRONTEX). In 2012, it helped develop human rights training materials for border guards, raising their awareness of approaches to migration from a human rights perspective. 41. In 2014, FRONTEX, in association with OHCHR, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, IOM, UNHCR and national practitioners, organized two trainingof-trainer sessions on combating and preventing trafficking in human beings for border guards in Member States of the European Union. The sessions were attended by border and immigration authorities from Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 42. OHCHR and UNHCR are delivering training on human rights norms and standards to personnel of the European Union naval force set up to detect and monitor smuggling networks in the Mediterranean. OHCHR also contributed to the force’s distance learning package. 43. Since 2012, facilitated by FRONTEX, the Regional Office for Europe has been training trainers of border guards in both member and non-member States of the European Union on combating and preventing trafficking in human beings. Since 2014, it has also provided training to those who teach border guards about human rights, focusing on the rights of migrants. Training focuses on increasing participants’ awareness and understanding of international and regional human rights standards relating to migrants, and sanctions on trafficking in human beings. 10. European Union: supporting a right-based approach to European Union legislation and programme frameworks against trafficking in human beings 44. In 2011, when the European Union began to prepare Directive 2011/36/EU on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting its victims, a number of United Nations agencies submitted a joint statement to the Council of the European Union and the European Parliament in which they invited the European Union to adopt a human rights-based approach that was both gender- and age-sensitive. OHCHR subsequently participated actively in the elaboration and adoption of the Directive, in association with other United Nations agencies, including ILO, UNHCR, UNICEF, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and UN-Women. 45. In 2012, OHCHR, together with five Brussels-based United Nations agencies, finalized and launched a joint United Nations commentary on the Anti-Trafficking Directive. Designed for policymakers, legislators and civil society organizations, the commentary was designed to assist member States of the European Union to integrate the Directive into national legislation, building on previous engagement of the United Nations with European Union institutions in this area. It provides practical guidance on the application of a human rights-based approach to the implementation of the Directive, 11