A/HRC/33/28 Nations was requested to assess related measures critically against international norms to minimize the risk of human rights violations. 45. Several States discussed the role that human rights education and training should play in preventing and countering violent extremism. Such education and training included instructions on how youth should respond to violent extremism online and how best to rehabilitate and reintegrate violent extremists into society. Some States stressed that education was key and called for the promotion of tolerance and mutual respect to be part of national curricula. It was noted that the Human Rights Council, in its resolution 30/15, had reaffirmed the important role of human rights education and training in preventing and countering violent extremism. Civil society participants called for educational programmes that focused on different religions and cultures as a way to promote tolerance and understanding. It was widely agreed that education should feature prominently in efforts to prevent and counter violent extremism. 46. Several States expressed concern that violent extremists used the Internet to promote hatred and instigate violence. Some States insisted that there should be a response to that threat. Others, however, warned that measures must take into consideration freedom of the press, religion and expression, pointing to the danger that measures to prevent and counter violent extremism could be used to silence dissent and political opposition. 47. A number of stakeholders highlighted the importance of the principle of nondiscrimination in the context of preventing and countering violent extremism. According to one State, this required a paradigm shift in countries where security forces had traditionally defended the State or particular groups when they should have protected the fundamental freedoms and rights of everyone equally. As recognized in Human Rights Council resolution 30/15, violent extremism could not and should not be associated with any religion, nationality, civilization or ethnic group. It is a global problem across national borders, taking many forms and affecting multiple countries. Government policies that stigmatized specific groups under the banner of preventing and countering violent extremism were counterproductive. Even well-intended efforts to prevent and counter violent extremism could ultimately alienate communities if broad generalizations were made about its causes. 48. Several States expressed the view that violent extremists sought legitimacy from ideas resulting from marginalization. Tough questions had to be asked to understand the underlying drivers of violent extremism. Perceived injustices and the deprivation of rights were widely considered to serve the growth of violent extremism. In addition, racial or religious profiling should be rejected. Some States called for measures to combat intolerance against Muslims and a civil society participant voiced concern at measures that targeted Muslim communities. Another State urged the integration of youth and women into programmes aimed at preventing and countering violent extremism. V. Concluding remarks 49. In her concluding remarks, the moderator reiterated that human rights, the rule of law and democracy were key to addressing the violent extremism affecting many countries around the world. Although acts of violence cause great suffering, States must uphold human rights when engaging in measures to prevent and counter violent extremism. Such initiatives should take into consideration the needs of communities and be tailored to their particular situations rather than be imposed in a top-down manner. 11