A/HRC/30/35 standards, criminalize all contemporary forms of slavery and provide adequate penalties for violations; (b) States should develop, enact and update a national action plan on business and human rights in accordance with the guidance provided by the Working Group on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises. Measures outlined in the national action plan should take full advantage of the leverage home States have in order to effectively prevent, address and redress extraterritorial human rights harms of businesses domiciled in their territory and/or jurisdiction; (c) To support effective implementation of domestic laws, States should strengthen their institutional frameworks and enforcement mechanisms across relevant structures, including labour inspectorates, the judiciary and prosecution, through provision of continued capacity-building, awareness-raising and adequate human and financial resources; (d) In addition to adoption and effective enforcement of human rights and labour laws, such as those ensuring the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association and providing for minimum labour standards, States bear a fundamental duty to address the preventive aspect of contemporary forms of slavery through tackling its root causes, including poverty, discrimination, stigmatization, inequality and social exclusion of groups most vulnerable to slavery and slavery-like practices, by adopting a human-rights based approach and incorporating a gender perspective; (e) States must ensure that those affected by business-related human rights abuse, including victims of forced labour and other contemporary forms of slavery, have the right to an effective remedy by taking appropriate steps to ensure the effectiveness of judicial mechanisms, providing effective and appropriate non-judicial grievance mechanisms, facilitating access to effective non-State-based grievance mechanisms and reducing barriers that could deny access to remedy for victims; (f) States are strongly encouraged to adopt effective legislation requiring transparency in supply chains, human rights due diligence throughout supply chains, public reporting and disclosures of businesses, as well as measures relating to procurement practices, and to guarantee its implementation; (g) States should explicitly prohibit fraudulent and abusive recruitment practices that are one of the main causes of contemporary forms of slavery in supply chains and adopt measures to regulate recruitment; (h) States should invest in research and collection and analysis of data on the scope and prevalence of contemporary forms of slavery in supply chains, specific commodities, sectors, the informal economy and in domestic production as the foundation for effective policy and strategy formulation by both public and private sector actors; (i) Special attention of States should be given to the risk of contemporary forms of slavery in the informal economy, including by identifying at risk sectors and conducting effective labour inspections; (j) States should consider different strategies to promote voluntary initiatives, especially multi-stakeholder public-private partnership platforms, which include Governments at all levels, civil society actors, including trade unions, business representatives and other stakeholders. These are crucial to effectively and holistically address contemporary forms of slavery in supply chains and can, inter alia, foster dialogue on policies to best tackle its root causes, provide an institutional framework to develop and implement supply chain strategies, grievance mechanisms and 20