A/HRC/10/59 page 9 1. Forced and arbitrary displacement, including due to targeted attacks on civilians 23. Following his visit in February 2008, the Representative of the Secretary-General on the human rights of internally displaced persons concluded that the east of the DRC had been experiencing a situation involving a serious protection and humanitarian crisis, highlighted inter alia by the very large numbers of displaced persons.5 Information received during the course of his visit in January 2009 indicates that the situation has further worsened. In December 2008, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) estimated that a total of 1,373,169 Congolese had been displaced in the East. The vast majority have been internally displaced - often more than once - while considerable numbers have sought refuge in neighbouring countries. In most cases, people have been forced to leave their homes owing to clashes between the Congolese armed forces and non-state armed groups or clashes between the different armed groups. The widespread insecurity and violence as well as human rights violations committed against civilians both by the armed groups and by members of the national security forces have also forced many Congolese to flee. 24. In early December 2008, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) indicated an estimated 250,000 new cases of displacements in the Kivus region as a result of the fighting that began at the end of August 2008 between the rebel group Congres National pour la Défense du Peuple (CNDP) on the one hand and FARDC, PARECO (Patriotes résistants congolais) and Mayi-Mayi militia forces on the other hand.6 The displacement has been exacerbated by deliberate attacks on the civilian population. The thematic special procedures are particularly concerned about summary executions of civilians suspected to be collaborating with the enemy, including the organized massacre of at least 64 persons (mainly young men) in Kiwanja by CNDP fighters on 5 November 2008.7 The CNDP also appears to 5 See A/HRC/8/6/Add.3. 6 The CNDP is a non-state armed group, which purports to protect the Tutsi and Banyamulenge minority populations in the East of the DRC, in particular against the Forces Démocratique pour la Liberation de Rwanda (FDLR). Among its leaders are Bosco Ntaganda, who has been indicted by the ICC for .war crimes, and Laurent Nkunda, who was reportedly arrested on 23 January 2009 in Rwanda. The FDLR is a non-state armed group based in the DRC, which is composed mainly of Congolese nationals but also a number of Rwandan Hutus implicated in the 1994 genocide in Rwanda. PARECO is a non-state armed group, made up of Congolese of Hutu ethnicity and other ethnic groups. The term Mayi-Mayi refers to various local militia forces without a centralized leadership, who purport to resist foreign interference in the eastern DRC. 7 Final report of the Group of Experts on the Democratic Republic of the Congo prepared pursuant to paragraph 18 (d) of Security Council resolution 1807 (2008) (S/2008/773), para. 191.