A/HRC/21/36 associations in Mogadishu. Some 30 per cent of victims are girls under the age of 18. Because of the stigma attached to rape, the actual number of rape victims is likely to be significantly higher. 25. Following the visit of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women in December 2011, the Prime Minister of the Transitional Federal Government pledged to establish a task force to prevent and respond to the phenomenon of sexual violence. The task force is, however, yet to be activated, and tangible measures to improve the safety of women in camps have yet to be adopted and implemented. 26. Women and girls displaced from southern and central Somalia and living in settlements for internally displaced persons in “Puntland” State have also faced conflictrelated sexual violence. Lack of security, low social status and a lack of clan protection have exposed them to greater risk of sexual violence, both at the hands of members of the host community and of fellow displaced men. Women have been raped at night in their huts or while going about their chores, such as when collecting firewood or water, going to the market or working as housemaids. Despite pledges by the “Puntland” authorities, this chronic situation remains largely unaddressed. 27. Female genital mutilation in Somalia is estimated at 98 per cent. Early marriage and adolescent motherhood have contributed to a high incidence of obstetric fistula, for which no adequate medical treatment is available in the country. 28. The new Parliament that was inaugurated on 20 August 2012 is more representative than its predecessor, comprising members nominated by all clans, including 14 per cent women. The proportion of women is well below the 30 per cent target, but still a marked improvement. While representatives of women’s groups have expressed concern at their marginalization from key political consultations and decisions, ongoing developments reflect hope that women’s participation in political life will continue to improve with constant emphasis on the role of women role and with support from the international community. 29. Violations of children’s rights constitute some of the most egregious human rights violations in Somalia. The ongoing conflict in southern and central Somalia has resulted in the killing and maiming of children, child rape and the recruitment and use of children by the armed forces and groups involved in the conflict. According to the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, in March 2012, one in five children under the age of 5 was malnourished. The mortality rate of children under 5 years of age is 22.5 per cent. 30. From January to May 2012, the country task force on monitoring and reporting, created pursuant to Security Council resolution 1612 (2005), documented 2,339 cases of grave violations of children rights, as against 1,800 cases in 2011. 31. Net primary school enrolment is estimated at 13 per cent for boys and 7 per cent for girls. The conflict has destroyed most formal primary schooling infrastructure. The right of children to education has been acutely eroded further by a general lack of protection and by displacement, exhaustion, family separation and emotional trauma. 32. The rights to freedom of expression and the press have been violated throughout Somalia. Radio stations accused of siding with the Transitional Federal Government have been forcibly closed in areas under Al-Shabaab control. In other regions of Somalia, numerous acts of aggression, including assassination or attempted assassinations, have targeted journalists. Since the beginning of 2012, eight journalists have been assassinated, six of which in Mogadishu. The fact that prompt, effective and thorough investigations into these assassinations have not been made is a matter of serious concern. 33. Cases of intimidation, harassment and arbitrary arrest of journalists and broadcasters, including public threats by local officials, were also reported in “Puntland” 7