A/HRC/17/44 Involuntary Disappearances,23 the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families,24 the Committee on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination25 and the Secretary-General‟s Special Representative on Sexual Violence in Conflict.26 The Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court on 16 May applied to the Pre-Trial Chamber of the International Criminal Court for arrest warrants for three named individuals, namely Colonel Qadhafi, Saif al-Islam Qadhafi and Abdullah alSenusi, for crimes against humanity in relation to events in February in Libya.27 C. Categories of security groups participating in the events 1. Government forces 36. The security arrangements in Libya are complex with multiple entities empowered to use force, command structures difficult to ascertain and apparently little or no lateral command communication between the different security agencies. In short, the Commission has seen a number of different structures operating in different capacities at different times and at different places. The description below of the Government security forces is based on the Commission‟s examination of the situation on the ground, secondary sources and a number of interviews carried out with reliable sources during the Commission‟s visits to Egypt, Libya and Tunisia. 37. Government Armed Forces:28 The Libyan Armed Forces are comprised of the Army, the Air Force and the Navy. The Armed Forces are believed to be formally responsible for 61,500 active personnel.29 In recent years, it has reportedly been marginalized and not involved in internal security operations. Whilst there is a hierarchy within the army, other factors such as tribal membership and known loyalty to the Revolution are said to play an important role in the level of responsibility accorded to individuals within the Armed Forces.30 38. The Kata’eb play a much larger role in relation to internal security. Each Katiba has a name which has a political significance such as the name of its commander, for example, the Khamis Katiba is named after one of Colonel Qadhafi‟s sons. Individual Katiba are said to number some 3,000 persons and be armed with heavy weaponry. Another named brigade is The Deterrence Katiba (Liwaa al-Redah) (stationed outside Tripoli). Membership in the Kata’eb is based on loyalty and family or tribal ties, with a division of personnel instituted so as to ensure loyalty by means of implicit threats to members of the family or tribe of any 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 14 Statement entitled “Libya: wave of enforced disappearances may amount to a crime against humanity”, 24 March 2011. Statement on situation of migrant workers in Libya, 8 April 2011. Statement under the Committee‟s early warning and urgent action procedure, 2 March 2011. Statement of Margot Wallström on concern over sexual violence in Libya, 20 April 2011. International Criminal Court, Office of the Prosecutor, Prosecutor’s Application Pursuant to Article 58 as to Mu’ammar Mohammed Abu Minyar GADDAFI, Saif Al-Islam GADDAFI and Abdullah ALSENUSSI, 16 May 2011 (No. ICC-01/11). In this report, the term “Government forces” is used as an umbrella term to refer to all of the various security-related organizations listed in this segment. Hanspeter Mattes, “Challenges to Security Sector Governance in the Middle East: the Libyan Case”, conference paper presented at the Workshop on “Challenges of Security Sector Governance in the Middle East”, held in Geneva on 12-13 July 2004, (Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces – DCAF, 2004), p. 3. Available from http://se2.dcaf.ch/serviceengine/Files/DCAF/23853/ieventattachment_file/7b8d5f97-23c5-43a4-ae81bb5b0843634c/en/ev_geneva_04071113_Mattes.pdf. Ibid., p. 9.