A/HRC/43/39 some children at much greater risk than others. In addition, as humanitarian crises, including war, mass refugee movements, economic migration, climate disasters and disease outbreaks proliferate, more children than ever are becoming vulnerable to violence of all forms.68 89. Protective factors can be grouped into two main categories relating to the child and the family. 90. Child factors include adaptability, optimism and coping style. Other elements may be the child’s attribution and appraisal of events, personality and locus of control. The child’s most important personal quality in this context is average or above-average intellectual development with good attention and interpersonal skills. Additional protective factors cited in studies include feelings of self-esteem and self-efficacy, attractiveness to others in both personality and appearance, individual talents, religious affiliation, socioeconomic advantage, opportunities for good schooling and employment, and contact with people and environments that are positive for development.69 91. Research on an ecological stress process model has explored relations between children’s exposure to family and community violence and child mental health, and emotionally regulated coping as a protective factor among Latino, European-American and African-American school-age children living in single-parent families who were either homeless and residing in emergency shelters or housed but living in poverty.70 The results highlight the critical role of child-adaptive coping strategies, specifically emotionally regulated coping, as a protective resource in relation to mental health symptoms in the presence of multiple forms of violence. Children who perceive their emotional coping as more effective report fewer mental health symptoms. Children’s coping strategies, whether as prevention or a treatment strategy, could buffer the detrimental effects of some exposure to violence.71 92. Protective family factors include the strength and nature of the relationship with the non-offending parent or the presence and relationship with siblings and/or extended family members. The most important protective resource to enable a child to cope with exposure to violence is a strong relationship with a competent, caring, positive adult, most often a parent. With the support of good parenting by either a parent or other significant adult, a child’s cognitive and social development can proceed positively even in adversity. 93. An important area concerns the issue of resilience, which is the ability to determine which children will experience fewer negative effects in response to exposure to violence.72 Results from several studies of resilient infants, young children and youths exposed to community violence consistently identify a small number of crucial protective factors for development, including a caring adult, a community safe haven and a child’s own internal resources. E. Effectiveness of interventions to prevent and provide care to children who experience or are exposed to violence 94. There is more data, research and other evidence on interventions to prevent and respond to violence against children than ever before. However, there are still significant data gaps that must be addressed, particularly the dearth of evaluations on interventions in low- and middle-income countries.73 68 69 70 71 72 73 16 Ibid. Ibid. See Esror Tamim Mohammad and others, “Impacts of family and community violence exposure on child coping and mental health”, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, vol. 43 (2015). Ibid. See Joy D. Osofsky, “The impact of violence on children”. Office of the Special Representative, Keeping the Promise: Ending Violence against Children by 2030.