A/HRC/40/CRP.1 reflected in the refugee camps.237 For example, in 2017, there were 22 incidents of fighting between ethnic communities in Kiyandongo camp in Uganda, many of them triggered by events in South Sudan.238 While the situation reportedly improved in 2018,239 in June 2018 fighting broke out between Dinka and Nuer refugees in the Rhino camp settlement in Uganda during a World Cup football match which resulted in the killing of four people. 240 The Commission was informed that there have been a number of such similar incidents both in Ugandan and Kenyan refugee camps. 241 b) Internally Displaced In addition to refugees, there are more than 1.97 million people internally displaced as of October 2018.242 Civilians displaced at the start of the conflict in December 2013, are now entering their sixth year of displacement. As of January 2019, UNMISS was sheltering 193,287 internally displaced in its PoC sites in Bentiu, Juba, Malakal, Bor and Wau, of which Bentiu is by far the largest.243 These PoC sites were established in an emergency context as temporary protection sites, but have become a longer-term arrangement due to the protracted conflict.244 The prolonged, crowded, confinement in PoC sites, coupled with the constrained humanitarian services amplify many of the stresses seen elsewhere in society including ethnic tensions and gender relations. When these tensions boil over, they in turn jeopardize the provision of humanitarian assistance in the camps. This was seen in June and July 2018 in the Bentiu and Malakal PoC sites.245 Disruptions by youth groups in Bentiu forced the closure of three health clinics for over three weeks and jeopardized the access to safe drinking water for an estimated 50,000 people. In Malakal, youth frustrated by the lack of employment opportunities threatened humanitarian workers, which resulted in the suspension of health assistance. 246 The PoC camps are a microcosm of the tensions affecting the entire country. In midAugust 2018, for example, inter-communal fighting broke out between Nuer communities in PoC 3 in Juba. Although sparked by a minor incident of theft, the situation quickly escalated to clashes because of the pre-existing distrust between the Bul Nuer and other Nuer communities as a result of the Bul Nuer having supported the government troops in Unity State at various points in the conflict. The fighting resulted in one death and the injury of 179 people and the displacement of between 1,000 and 2,000 people from PoC 3 into the surrounding weapons-free zone surrounding the PoC site. Humanitarian assistance to the camp was severely restricted during this period resulting in complaints of lack of resources including food and water over the period. In late August, 3,500 Bul Nuer were relocated from PoC 3 to the Mangateen area.247 Life in PoC sites has a negative and gendered impact on IDPs given the limited freedom of movement and cramped living conditions with little privacy create living conditions that are conducive to depression, domestic violence, and crime. Men fear being killed or arrested if they venture outside and have few opportunities to engage in income generating activities. In part due to the fear of being killed if they go outside the camps, women have taken on the responsibility for leaving the camps to gather firewood in the 237 Two confidential meetings, Kiyandongo, Uganda, 17 December 2018; Confidential Meetings, Kampala, 18 and 19 December 2018. 238 Confidential Meeting, Kiyandongo, Uganda, 17 December 2018. 239 Confidential Meeting, Kiyandongo, Uganda, 17 December 2018. 240 Confidential Meeting, Kiyandongo, Uganda, 17 December 2018; Confidential Meeting, Kampala, 19 December 2018; Reuters, “Uganda police arrest 15 refugees after four killed in fight during World Cup game”, 22 June 2018. 241 Confidential Meeting, Kiyandongo, Uganda, 17 December 2018. 242 OCHA, South Sudan: Humanitarian Dashboard, 31 October 2018. 243 UNMISS, POC Update, 12 January 2019. 244 The Global Women’s Institute and International Rescue Committee, “No Safe Place: A Lifetime of Violence for ConflictAffected Women and Girls in South Sudan”, Washington DC: George Washington University and London, 2017. 245 United Nations Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General on South Sudan (covering the period from 4 June to 1 September 2018), S/2018/831, 17 September 2018. 246 United Nations Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General on South Sudan (covering the period from 4 June to 1 September 2018), S/2018/831, 17 September 2018. 247 United Nations Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General on South Sudan (covering the period from 4 June to 1 September 2018), S/2018/831, 17 September 2018; USAID, South Sudan – Crisis Fact Sheet #11, 7 September 2018; Commission Meeting with PoC Representatives, Juba, 22 August 2018. 36