A/HRC/40/CRP.1 have any source of income anymore. I do not know what we are going to do”. 605 The mother of a 13-year old girl who had been raped in similar circumstances said: we went to the PoC because of the insecurity but now I am thinking of leaving the PoC even if it means that my daughter will not go to school. I will not send my daughter outside the PoC anymore. […] Selling the firewood we collect inside the PoC is our only way to survive. We do not have any other source of income. When we go out of the PoC to fetch firewood, we know what will happen, that there will be men to rape us. I do not want to go out but I have no choice and I have to sacrifice myself.606 The Commission heard evidence of girls as young as seven being raped by Government soldiers, members of armed groups and gangs of criminals. 607 Survivors and witnesses testified to the brutality of the rapes, including of soldiers ramming a piece of wood in the vagina of a woman they had just raped.608 Young girls gang raped repeatedly have been left with physical injuries and psychological scars. 609 One woman in Wau State told the Commission how after a soldier raped her, he beat her on the chest but she found the courage to lay a complaint with the local commander who in turn beat the perpetrator as punishment. Government soldiers later looted her home. 610 During attacks in Unity State between April and June 2018, witnesses testified to SPLA attacks, during which soldiers shot at men, raped women, and burnt elderly people inside their tukuls. Children were banged against military vehicles and trees by soldiers which resulted in deaths.611 Methods of killing have been specifically tailored to the gender of the victims: Young men were specifically targeted by SPLA soldiers because they were suspected of being rebels and women were raped.612 Armed groups have been specifically targeting young men and children so they join their ranks. 613 Witnesses told the Commission that women who resisted being raped would be killed by soldiers.614 Most civilians fled their villages on foot during attacks describing how the soldiers chased them and caught women to rape them. 615 Witnesses also reported how after hiding in the swamp or the bush, they had no choice but to return to their village to find water and food for their children who were starving. Many women were raped when trying to save their children from starvation and went out of hiding to get food and in some instances were never seen again.616 Most survivors, and witnesses have not been able to identify the direct perpetrators of sexual violence but are able to identify the armed groups involved and in some instances even the names of commanders who were present during attacks. 617 A substantial number of women have reportedly been raped even after the signature of the R-ARCSS. The Bentiu area in Unity state continues to be of grave concern given the substantial number of women reportedly raped in a short space of time in November 2018. 618 While the overall security situation has largely improved since the signature of the R-ARCSS, with many parties demonstrating a willingness to commit to peace and engage in 605 Witness 1114, ERN 102308-102312. Witness 1100, ERN 102318 - 102323. 607 Witness 825, ERN 101848-101855; Witness 1095, ERN 102211-102215. 608 Witness 142, ERN 100025-100030. Witness 881, ERN 101582-101586. 609 Witness 915, ERN 101828-101835; Witness 764, ERN 101946-101954; Witness 741, ERN 101417-101457, Witness 717, ERN 101388-101399; Witness 689, ERN 101400-101411; Witness 825, ERN 101848-101855; Witness 828, ERN 101804-101810; Witness 880, ERN 101567-101571; See also UNMISS/OHCHR, Indiscriminate Attacks Against Civilians in Southern Unity April – May 2018. 610 Witness 881, ERN 101582-101586. 611 Witness 793, ERN 101499-101502. 612 Witness 930, ERN 101794-101798; Witness 915, ERN 101828-101835. Witness 705, ERN 101380-101383; Witness 851, ERN 101542-101549; Witness 925, ERN 101886-101890; Witness 931, ERN 101799-101803; Witness 968, ERN 101920-101924. 613 Witness 607, ERN 101476-101482; Witness 834, ERN 101643-101647, Witness 837, ERN 101638-642; Witness 838, ERN 101632-101637; Witness 863, ERN 101609-101613. 614 Witness 831, ERN 101817-101827; Witness 704, ERN 101375-101379; Witness 837, ERN 101638-101642. 615 Witness 831, ERN 101817-101827; Witness 704, ERN 101375-101379; Witness 837, ERN 101638-101642. 616 Witness 914, ERN 101788-101793; Witness 883, ERN 101557-101561. 617 Witness 789, ERN 101508-101511; Witness 825, ERN 101848-101855. 618 MSF, “125 women and girls seek emergency assistance in Bentiu after horrific sexual violence”, 30 November 2018. 606 90