A/HRC/21/25 Contents Page I. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1–4 3 II. Background ............................................................................................................. 5–7 3 III. Current situation ...................................................................................................... 8–19 4 A. Perceptions of children in the juvenile justice system .................................... 9–13 4 B. The urgent need to reduce the number of children in detention...................... 14–19 5 Identification of risks of violence within the juvenile justice system ..................... 20–49 6 IV. V. VI. 2 Paragraphs A. Law enforcement activities ............................................................................. 20 6 B. Apprehension and arrest ................................................................................. 21–22 6 C. Police interrogation ......................................................................................... 23–26 7 D. Searches and the taking of samples ................................................................ 27 7 E. The right to appear before a court or tribunal to challenge detention ............. 28–29 8 F. Risks at court and during trial ......................................................................... 30–31 8 G. Risks associated with pretrial detention .......................................................... 32–33 8 H. Risks in administrative detention .................................................................... 34 9 I. Risk of violence in detention facilities ............................................................ 35–49 9 Systemic factors that contribute to violence against children ................................. 50–65 11 A. Low priority and lack of a strong child protection system .............................. 50 11 B. Inadequate staffing.......................................................................................... 51 12 C. Lack of monitoring, oversight and complaints mechanisms ........................... 52–55 12 D. Mixing different levels of vulnerability .......................................................... 56 12 E. Violence as a sentence .................................................................................... 57–63 13 F. Other systemic issues ...................................................................................... 64–65 14 Recommended strategies to prevent and respond to violence against children in the juvenile justice system................................................................................... 66–100 14