A/HRC/28/65 (TNCs)37 and international financial institutions (IFIs) has led to a marked change in the way in which the principles of territoriality intersect with international human rights standards. 39. Within the food and agriculture sector, approximately ten corporations control and monopolize the commercial seed and global pesticide markets, as well as food retailers.38 In addition to their financial power, TNCs significantly influence law and policymaking processes both at the international and national level.39 Similarly, IFIs exercise considerable influence over national decision-making in relation to food and agricultural policies. Many developing countries are compelled to implement projects that jeopardize economic, social, and cultural rights in return for economic and financial aid. In recent decades, there have been significant efforts to alter the policy approach undertaken by IFIs, especially the World Bank, in relation to supporting development projects that have a harmful effect on human rights and the environment. Moreover, bilateral, and regional foreign trade agreements have facilitated the privatization, deregulation and growth of extractive industries around the globe, a development that has had significant impacts on food security and health. Globalization has highlighted and exacerbated socioeconomic disparities throughout the world, with the result that global social inequality is not only expressed in terms of inter-State justice, but as implicating human rights obligations as well. 40 States are often placed in a precarious situation as a result of dubious corporate activities. Developing countries are particularly vulnerable, as in an attempt to attract foreign investors they accept trade rules that adversely impact agricultural policies and follow growth-oriented economic policies to achieve short-term political and budgetary benefits. 40. Development-induced displacement is an increasingly widespread phenomenon with devastating impact. An estimated 15 million people each year are forced to relocate and resettle as a result of such interventions. 41 Despite some of the more recent efforts to highlight land dispossession, as yet global institutions have been unable to discourage the practices and processes that undermine land rights, prevent equitable access and establish the context for large and small-scale displacements.42 The expanding mining sector has contributed to strong economic growth in some countries, with mining and oil concessions dramatically increasing in countries. The industry has however also generated social conflict in many States, particularly in rural areas, with mining activities coming into direct competition with small-scale agriculture. Indigenous peoples are particularly vulnerable as they are often forced to leave their land and sources of livelihood. A lack of engagement 37 38 39 40 41 42 12 See Global Trends, Corporate clout 2013: Time for responsible capitalism – Executive summary. Available from www.globaltrends.com/knowledge-center/features/shapers-and-influencers/190corporate-clout-2013-time-for-responsible-capitalism. See www.econexus.info/sites/econexus/files/Agropoly_Econexus_BerneDeclaration_wideformat.pdf. See interim report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises, E/CN.4/2006/97; Jennifer Westaway, “Globalization, Transnational Corporations and Human Rights – A New Paradigm”, International Law Research, Vol. 1, No. 1 (2012), p. 63 ff. Thomas Pogge, World Poverty and Human Rights: Cosmopolitan Responsibilities and Reforms (Cambridge, Polity Press, 2002). Penny Green, Kristian Lasslett and Angela Sherwood, “Enclosing the commons: predatory capital and forced eviction in Papua New Guinea and Burma” in The Routledge Handbook on Migration and Crime (Abingdon, Routledge, 2014). Lea Brilmayer and William J. Moon, “Regulating Land Grabs: Third Party States, Social Activism, and International Law”, in Rethinking Food Systems (2014); Saturnino M. Borras Jr. and Jennifer Franco, “Towards a broader view of the politics of global land grab: rethinking land issues, reframing resistance”, ICAS Working Paper Series No. 001.