A/HRC/5/3 page 19 in health care, such as the fact that 96 per cent and 90 per cent of 1-year olds were immunized against tuberculosis (BCG) and diphtheria/pertussis/tetanus (DPT3) respectively, in 2004/2005. Moreover, 69 per cent of women received at least once antenatal care (ANC) in 2004/2005. 40. Participation is of prime importance in the PRSP framework, both in the consultations during the design of the national poverty reduction strategy, as well as in terms of fostering community participation. In general, in most Asian countries the consultation process and the exclusion of civil society during the drafting of the PRSP has been the subject of criticism. In Bangladesh for example, despite some consultations on the draft PRS, observers noted that most of the document had been drafted by two consultants and little attempt had been made to integrate PRSP into existing government systems.36 A civil society coalition was formed to challenge the PRSP process and complain about inadequate participation. The “Independent Review for Bangladesh’s Development” (2002)37 noted that representatives of the civil society were not involved in the designing stage of the exercise, and as a result the policy space was limited. Similarly in Cambodia, the NGO forum was also concerned that the Participatory Poverty Assessment (PPA) which elicits non-NGO community or grass-roots level participation had not been considered in the drafting process of the PRSP;38 moreover, indicators of participation in each section of the PRSP document and measurements of its level and quality were not included. 41. Experience of participation in PRSPs has shown that there is a need to establish a clear framework for participation that defines guidelines and benchmarks for determining who is involved, at what stage and with what “level of participation”, and for the methodology to be used in the process. Most case studies demonstrate a general failure to directly involve poor people, and the absence of a clear and appropriate framework for participation. However, some success has been achieved in fostering community participation. In Nepal for example, social mobilization and community participation are emerging as the most-conflict resistant models of development. Evidence now suggests that when development activities are demand-driven and involve community participation, they are acceptable even to the parties in conflict. For example, community participation has been exemplary in rural drinking water projects. All the major projects in the sector, namely the Community-based Water Supply and Sanitation Project, 36 Monitoring and Synthesis Project (2003) Experience of PRSs in Asia. PRSP synthesis note 8, p. 5. 37 CPD - IRBD (2002): PRSP Review, Poverty Reduction Strategy for Bangladesh: Views of Civil Society. Available at: www.cpd-bangladesh.org/work/irbd_docs/INT02-04.doc. 38 Cooperation Committee for Cambodia, NGO Forum on Cambodia and Medicam “NGO statement to the 2002 Consultative Group Meeting on Cambodia”, Phnom Penh, 19-21 June 2002.