A/HRC/23/20 matters; and cultural cooperation, which had led to progress in human rights education and training, and in combating racism and discrimination. 15. International cooperation within the framework of the international criminal justice system was important, as was the role and place of non-governmental organizations in international cooperation, which should be strengthened. 16. The study submitted by the Advisory Committee had brought to light some areas that should be examined further. Although a number of trade agreements contained an element of human rights conditionality, there were mixed views on its effectiveness. It appeared that such measures worked where good governance already existed. As pointed out by Amartya Sen, liberty, rights and democracy were the basis for sustainable development. Political and social participation increased the basic skills of the people, enhanced opportunities and channelled claims for economic needs. The elimination of corruption was an issue that often conditioned cooperation. As an example, the integration of human rights perspectives in the trade agreements reached between the European Union and African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States, in particular the Cotonou Agreement of 23 June 2000, provided built-in incentives for developing countries to affirm their commitment to human rights. On the other hand, sceptics claimed that political democracy was a result of development, not a precondition; that the cancellation or suspension of trade agreements for human rights breaches, such as economic sanctions, may prove detrimental to the economy and have the heaviest impact on ordinary people; that conditions might not be applied uniformly; and that, ultimately, conditionality violated national sovereignty. The ideal solution would be for international economic cooperation to proceed in parallel with international cooperation in human rights. The results of the universal periodic review process were a measure of the type of assistance a State may need to improve its compliance with human rights. 17. An area that could offer opportunities for enhancing international cooperation was international migration. In an era of unprecedented mobility, this should be seen as an opportunity to improve international cooperation in human rights, heightening understanding and mutual exchanges. At the sixth meeting of the Global Forum on Migration and Development, held in November 2012, which focused on the enhancement of the human development of migrants, a number of recommendations that emphasized international cooperation were made. Migration was a reality that called for better coordination of policies and protection between receiving and sending countries. The terms of the Convention on the Protection of the Rights of Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families were demanding and did not prompt a rapid process of accession and ratification, but ways forward were needed to protect the human rights of migrants. In his report to the General Assembly on migration and climate change, 2 the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants drew attention to the implications that climate change was beginning to have for migration patterns and movements and to the need to recognize that coordinated international cooperative responses would be required to address climate change-induced migration. 18. One important priority was to secure the universal application of international human rights instruments in accordance with the objective set out at the Vienna Conference, which included, in addition to ratification, the effective application of treaties at the domestic level as well as full cooperation by States with monitoring bodies, including cooperation with human rights mechanisms. 2 6 A/67/299.