A/HRC/31/76 of the Malian armed forces are being held in an unknown location. Ga ining access to these detainees is a major challenge for the Division. 49. Since March 2015, there has been an increase in improvised explosive device explosions along several roads in the region (Ansongo -Indelimane, Gao-Gossi, etc.). Both MINUSMA (in particular logistics convoys) and the Malian armed forces have been targeted in these attacks. The Human Rights Division has documented dozens of cases of violation of physical integrity (serious or minor injuries due to the explosion of an improvised explosive device) and violations of the right to life (deaths from injuries caused by an improvised explosive device). Such attacks also constitute an obstacle to freedom of movement and trade, including in goods, and to access to basic social services; they thus constitute a violation of economic and social rights. 50. In the region of Timbuktu, the human rights situation has gradually deteriorated since March 2015 because of an increase in insecurity due to the actions of armed groups and terrorist groups. The Human Rights Division has recorded several cases of summary executions, unlawful arrests and detentions, ill-treatment and violations of freedoms and physical integrity. The situation has also been characterized by the mass displacement of civilian populations and the looting of their property. The Independent Expert is further concerned about targeted attacks against State institutions and officials. In addition, the region has witnessed several attacks against MINUSMA and humanitarian workers, involving harm to life and physical integrity. 51. The Independent Expert was informed that CMA in Timbuktu imposed illegal taxes on traders and vehicles on market days in exchange for ensuring public safety. B. Intercommunal and intracommunal conflicts 52. The Independent Expert remains concerned about the increasing number of intercommunal and intracommunal conflicts and human rights violations, including executions, abductions and arrests based on the ethnic or tribal affiliation of the victims. The root cause of the conflicts is livestock theft committed or allegedly committed by the other tribe. 53. The escalating tensions between the Tuareg Daoussak communities, considered pro-CMA, and the Imghad community, predominantly pro-GATIA in the Gao region, is a definite threat to the ongoing peace process. Moreover, the areas affected by the current tensions (Talataye and Indelimane) are hard to reach for humanitarian actors and even for MINUSMA; this exacerbates the impact of the tensions on the civil populations living there. 54. In Timbuktu, a fall in the number of intercommunal and intracommunal conflicts was observed during the reporting period. Only one intracommunal conflict was noted: it broke out between the Songhai in Douékiré commune (Goundam cercle) and those in Kondi commune (Diré cercle). 55. Furthermore, the Mopti region, which is a place of transit or residence for a large number of ethnic groups, has witnessed many intercommunal and intracommunal conflicts, without the State being able to provide an a dequate security or legal response. 56. In early July 2015, an intracommunal conflict in the village of Omo (a rural commune in Bondo) resulted in the death of one person and caused the displacement of some 530 people in a village near the border with Burkina Faso. Forty-five persons were arrested, including 30 women. The situation in the areas of Bankass (Mopti region) and Tominian (Ségou region) is of particular concern in this regard. The use of vigilante groups by one side is growing, while the other side is increasingly accused of GE.16-00837 11/18