A/HRC/32/39 133. All private security providers should actively participate in and engage with international multi-stakeholder initiatives aimed at improving the human rights performance of the security sector. Recommendations to corporations contracting private security providers 134. The provision of security, especially in circumstances where the use of force is a likely component of its provision, requires particular skill sets and hundreds of hours of training. Any non-State entity providing that service must be able to demonstrate that its personnel have been properly vetted, trained and equipped. 135. When tendering a contract for security services, corporations should require that the private security providers they contract abide fully with national regulations regarding private security, and give weight to accreditation by international certifying bodies. They must also exercise due diligence in monitoring the private security providers’ activities once contracted to ensure respect for international human rights standards. 136. Contracting corporations must in no way impede oversight of private security providers they contract by external bodies, either during routine conduct or, particularly, during the investigation of alleged abuses. Recommendations to civil society organizations and academia 137. Consider innovative ways in which civil society can help to fill the data gap concerning the incidence of the use of force both by State security personnel and private security providers, while at the same time encouraging the State to fulfil its obligations in that regard. 138. Scholars should consider how the outsourcing of security creates discriminatory hierarchies of public security that adversely affect human rights, and whether those hierarchies amount in practice to a failure of the State in its duty to protect the right to life of all of its citizens. 23