A/HRC/45/31 were shown to be acting under the effective command and control of Turkish forces, violations by these actors may entail criminal responsibility for such commanders who knew or should have known about the crimes, or failed to take all necessary and reasonable measures to prevent or repress their commission.69 V. Dayr al-Zawr, Raqqah and Hasakah 70. In the reporting period, Dayr al-Zawr and Hasakah Governorates witnessed an increase in attacks targeting the international counter-ISIL coalition and the Syrian Democratic Forces. Attacks also took place in Raqqah Governorate on the Syrian Democratic Forces, as well as on government forces, as ISIL increasingly resorted to asymmetric tactics. At the same time, 90,000 Syrians, Iraqis and other “third-country nationals”, predominantly women and children, with presumed family links to ISIL members, 70 were confined in overcrowded displacement camps. Outside the camps, the Syrian Democratic Forces and related entities detained and tortured civilians, and continued to use children in military roles. Camps in the north-east 71. Individuals allegedly associated with ISIL, including children and Yazidi survivors,71 continue to be held in Al-Hawl camp in squalid living conditions with meagre prospects of exiting or returning to their home country.72 The Commission has noted that persons deprived of their liberty must be informed promptly, in a language that he or she understands, of the reasons for internment. They must also have the right to challenge, with the least possible delay, the lawfulness of his or her detention in these camps. Such a review must be carried out by an independent and impartial body. 73 Tens of thousands of women and children, both Syrian and third-country nationals, have now been confined in Al-Hawl and other camps since the Baghuz offensive in early 2019, without access to the necessary legal safeguards. 72. Worryingly, conditions in the camps across the north-east deteriorated in the reporting period, with medical services reportedly being stripped down to skeletal levels due to COVID-19. Camp authorities and the self-administration also reported that the closure of the Ya’rubiyah crossing reduced the sustainability of living conditions due to the inability to provide humanitarian assistance. Between 10 and 12 June, in the annex to AlHawl camp, all services, except food and water, were suspended, without notice being given to humanitarian agencies, for all foreign women and children during a registration exercise.74 During the exercise, biometric data were collected from women in the annex.75 73. The camp conditions, combined with the previous experience of conflict, continues to have a significant psychological impact, particularly on children and Yazidi survivors. 76 One NGO worker noted how a 10-year-old girl had lost her communication skills due to trauma, and could only communicate through drawing.77 At least 75 unaccompanied thirdcountry national children across the Al-Hawl and Al-Roj camps are particularly vulnerable, and in May 2020, eight special procedures of the Human Rights Council called upon Member States to repatriate a five-year-old Canadian girl due to the inhuman conditions in 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, art. 28. See also A/HRC/43/57, para. 59. See www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25986&LangID=E. According to United Nations data, 65,516 people were in Al-Hawl camp and 1,772 in Al-Roj camp as at 1 July 2020. A/HRC/42/51, para. 88. A/HRC/43/57, para. 60. A/HRC/37/72, paras. 12–18 and annex III. See www.facebook.com/smensyria/posts/1338333119689955. See https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Al%20Hol%20Snapshot_26Jul2020.pdf. A/HRC/42/51, para. 88. See https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/node/17512/pdf/childrens_crisis_report_06052020.pdf. 15