A/HRC/11/41 page 2 Summary The present report of the Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers comprises four main parts. In chapter II, the report describes the Special Rapporteur’s activities between May 2008 and March 2009, including country visits conducted during this period. The Special Rapporteur has devoted this last thematic report to an analysis of parameters necessary to effectively guarantee the independence of judges (chap. III). He analyses both individual and institutional elements, which he deems able to reinforce or hamper the independent administration of justice. He refers to a wealth of international and regional standards relevant to the independence of the judiciary and the extensive work of the treaty bodies and decisions from regional organizations as well as previous work of the mandate. Lastly, the report indicates the main recent developments in the area of international justice (chap. IV) by looking at developments in the different cases before the International Criminal Court. The Special Rapporteur also refers to recent judgments of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and examines progress made by the Extraordinary Chambers in the Court of Cambodia. Furthermore, the report refers to the Special Tribunal for Lebanon and the institution of proceedings by Belgium before the International Court of Justice concerning the case of the former President of Chad, Hissène Habré. The Special Rapporteur’s conclusions and recommendations are presented in chapter V and focus on measures to be taken by Member States to strengthen the independence of judges, in both its individual and institutional dimensions.