A/HRC/11/41 page 28 be automatically granted life appointment or fixed tenure unless they were dismissed as a consequence of disciplinary measures or the decision of an independent body following a specialized procedure that determined that a certain individual is not capable of fulfilling the role of a judge. • Member States give paramount attention to upholding the key principle of irremovability. • Member States establish an independent body in charge of disciplining judges. • Member States adopt legislation giving detailed guidance on the infractions by judges triggering disciplinary measures, including the gravity of the infraction which determines the kind of disciplinary measure. Disciplinary measures must be proportional to the gravity of the infraction. • Decisions related to disciplinary measures be made public. • Adequate civil and criminal immunity for judges be guaranteed by the Constitution or equivalent, and that detailed procedures for lifting immunity be inscribed in law, reinforcing the independence of the judiciary. 99. Regarding conditions of service, he recommends that: • Judges be remunerated adequately, with due regard for the responsibilities and the nature of their office and without delay. • Adequate human and material resources be allocated to ensure the proper functioning of justice. • Special attention be paid to ensuring the security of judges, in particular the adoption of preventive security measures for increased protection of judges handling cases of large-scale corruption, organized crime, terrorism, crimes against humanity, or any other cases exposing them to higher risk. • Besides pre-service and initial training, focused attention be paid to continuing legal education of sitting judges. 100. With respect to institutional guarantees, the Special Rapporteur recommends that: • Competencies of the different branches of power be clearly distinguished and enshrined in the Constitution or equivalent. • The independence of the judiciary be enshrined in the Constitution or be considered as a fundamental principle of law. Both principles must adequately be translated into domestic law.