A/HRC/19/74 on ―constructive dialogue‖ and ―participation‖. What is more, the idea can be implicit, without the word ―cooperation‖ actually being used, when the intention is to harness the efforts of all stakeholders. Of particular relevance in this regard is the work carried out in parallel by the Human Rights Council Advisory Committee on the promotion of a democratic and equitable international order, pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution 8/5, and on human rights and international solidarity, pursuant to Human Rights Council resolutions 9/2, 12/9 and 15/3, and by the Independent Expert on human rights and international solidarity. 27. While it may be too soon to set up a typology, a systematic framework should be developed that will allow all the parameters involved to be taken into consideration. Only then will it be possible to envisage a dynamic, rather than static, approach to the issue with a view to identifying best practices for enhancing international cooperation in the area of human rights. These best practices are identified and disseminated through visits by experts, as well as through studies and reports. The universal periodic review, forums and other platforms for exchanging information at the national, regional and international levels, also provide a vehicle for their dissemination. A. The many facets of international cooperation (a) The subjects of international cooperation 28. The first parameter to consider is the wide variety of actors involved. In the first instance, within the framework of the Charter of the United Nations of 1945, international cooperation is to be interpreted as referring to the obligations of Member States vis-à-vis the Organization and, as a corollary, to the relations between States. It is where inter-State law and the legal tenets of the Organization meet. This approach makes sense inasmuch as the Organization is itself a cooperative venture, with States acting with a common purpose in the framework of the Charter of the United Nations. In this sense, cooperation is a ―duty‖ requiring Member States, by virtue of their status as such, to act as peace-loving nations that ―accept the obligations contained in the present Charter and ... are able and willing to carry out these obligations‖ (Charter, Art. 4, para. 1). At this level of principle, cooperation is not a mere political gesture of goodwill, but a legal imperative of good faith. There is a close link between the duty to cooperate and the commitment to honour in good faith the obligations entered into under the Charter, as also stated in the 1970 Declaration referred to above. 29. At this first level, the concept concerns not only all the organizations of the United Nations family, including its financial institutions, but also other international and regional organizations. The existence of this diverse array of international organizations necessarily entails cooperative efforts among them and among their various agencies and mechanisms. International organizations and Member States cooperate on various levels in line with the objectives of consistency, synergy and effectiveness. The term ―multi-multilateralism‖ highlights the difficulties involved in such an undertaking, since so many institutional and sociological factors come into play. 30. Besides this supranational dimension, cooperation also involves States and groups of States, whether on a bilateral or a multilateral basis. This is where work to identify best practices would be the most useful. However, as noted earlier, public cooperation has itself become more diverse, as the decentralization of cooperation arrangements has shifted the emphasis towards local authorities or parliamentary diplomacy based on cooperation between national parliaments. 31. National human rights institutions are a third type of stakeholder that should be recognized as a category in their own right, located as they are at the intersection between 10