A/HRC/31/74 examples from the American context. He explained how current events made the topic of structural racism in sport especially important. Just as mind shaped conscience, he explained that body also shaped our conscience and people carried their racial identity deep within their bodies. Consequently, we could not just say no to racism. Sport was inherently conflictual, and so was racism. Every game is an opportunity for peace-making, but also carries the threat of the opposite. Fan engagement with a spectacle of physical conflict provides a context ripe for the expression of racist ideas. He added that ideas rarely espoused in public found their way into sporting events. The expert stressed that sport “recapitulates” rather than “reflects” dynamics of human relationships and societal values. 109. After the Second World War, athletes and sport pioneered an American version of integration and ushered in a tumultuous period of integration in American society. The expert stated that while post World War II integration of sport failed to adequately address racial justice, it did provide a road map for a broader approach to integration in America. 110. One central feature of American history was amalgamation. Another one was white supremacy — which resulted in a sense of being “normal” for white Americans. Today, we have become a society with few admitted racists yet with profoundly racialized outcomes. 111. He quoted scholar Harry Edwards that “Sport inevitably recapitulates the character, structure and dynamics of human and institutional relationships within (and between) societies. And it recapitulates ideological values and sentiments that motivate and rationalize those relationships.” He argued that sport is not a mirror of society. The unique structures and practices of sport re-express and give new form to the character, structure and ideologies of a culture. 112. Mr. Crosset also discussed what he termed “the racial re-segregation of youth sport”; the repeated defence of demeaning symbols of indigenous people in sport; and racial inequities in the American collegiate sport system. Since the United Nations had weighed in on similar issues (such as the Sport for Development and Peace initiative) which declared that sport can contribute to community development and peace under the right conditions, he wondered if the United Nations, through this committee, couldn’t make a similar statement about sport’s anti-racist potential. 113. The expert closed his presentation by making a number of recommendations to the Committee with regards to their work involving racism in sport. In addition to encouraging equal access to sport, free of discrimination, the United Nations could also declare that athletes should be able to participate in sport free from excessive economic exploitation and athletes should receive reasonable compensated. Further, recognizing that sport governing bodies have a responsibility to the development of sport across a broad spectrum and levels of sports, and he posited that the Committee might encourage the promotion and development of sport in a manner that also ensures racial fairness and in a US context, discourage systems that disproportionately benefit white athletes. 114. He stated that the United Nations might also support research; provide encouragement, guidelines and best practices for coaches and communities on how to employ the sport experience to challenge racism much as they have for Sport Development and Peace. It might also, through this Committee, encourage national and international governing bodies of sport to develop generative strategies to support multi-racial youth teams, particularly those with leadership of colour at all levels; team, club, league with the expressed intent to combat racism. He also encouraged the Ad hoc Committee to reaffirm that it was a right of indigenous peoples to determine their identities and their portrayal by sporting teams. 115. In addition to encouraging equal access to sport, free of discrimination, the UN could also declare that athletes should be able to participate in sport free from excessive economic exploitation and athletes should receive reasonable compensated. Further, 40