A/HRC/33/23 C. Work by civil society partners 42. Civil society actors have a key role in promoting human rights-based approaches to prevention of child mortality and in implementing the technical guidance. For example, both the “Child Health Now” campaign by World Vision and “Every One” campaign by Save the Children have focused on preventing deaths of children under 5 and supported human rights-based approaches by addressing determinants of child health, social and community-based accountability mechanisms and citizen’s empowerment. They also opened up spaces for children and caregivers to participate in the decision-making processes that affect children’s survival and health. 43. In the Niger, World Vision initiated and led a coalition to ensure accountability for effective implementation of the free health-care policy, which grants all children under 5 access to free health care. Through the Child Friendly National Budget Initiative in Zimbabwe, Save the Children, the National Association of Non-Governmental Organizations and UNICEF supported child-led groups in eight provinces to engage in prebudget consultations, resulting in increased budget allocations for children’s health and education. 44. Much work has been undertaken by civil society to enhance social and communitybased accountability mechanisms, a core element of a human rights-based approach, to monitor health services and ensure children’s engagement in decision-making processes. Examples of social and community accountability mechanisms include the “Citizen Voice and Action” and “Citizens’ hearings” methodologies. 45. “Citizen Voice and Action” is a local-level advocacy methodology that aims to advance essential services, such as health, by improving the relationship between communities and government. This methodology has been used by World Vision and other partners to strengthen governments’ commitments to child survival. For example, in Armenia, the Government responded to “Citizen Voice and Action” by creating new incentives for doctors to visit the most vulnerable people in rural areas. 46. Citizens’ hearings are open and constructive dialogues that give communities the possibility to share recommendations for improved health services with local and national leaders. That form of social accountability serves the double purpose of empowering citizens to know their rights and to hold their leaders to account on commitments made to end the preventable deaths of women and children. The International Planned Parenthood Federation, Save the Children, White Ribbon Alliance and World Vision International have been working with local and national partners to organize Citizens’ hearings on health around the world, including Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Nepal, the Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania and Yemen. 6 47. In 2015, a number of civil society organizations held the Global Citizens’ Dialogue in Geneva during the World Health Assembly. A key objective of the citizens’ hearings movement is to strengthen the feedback loop between global processes and local and national decision-making processes. 48. Involving children in these forms of social accountability is crucial to bringing their views to the attention of key stakeholders including communities, civil society, journalists 6 10 See http://static1.squarespace.com/static/54d0f2c0e4b081a66404a5fb/t/560273e3e4b03fc4a33c4 c80/1443001714114/FULL_REPORT_WEB.pdf. GE.16-11320