A/HRC/4/111 page 15 2. We recommend that States that have adopted the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action should be accountable for its effective implementation. In this regard efforts should be made to include States that were not involved in this process; 3. We consider it essential to look to immigration and related deportation questions from a human rights perspective; 4. We invite Governments and civil society to reflect on the demilitarization of borders in the region for the promotion of human rights and peace; 5. We encourage States to promote the adoption of policies and programmes to counter gender discrimination concerning access to labour, credit and to promote equal chances and opportunities for education and development; 6. We call upon States to address inequality in the legal justice system for people of African descent, indigenous people and migrants; 7. We note with concern that racism in some education systems adversely affects the life chances of Afro-descendent students and black people. It results in social and economic marginalization, severe poverty, social exclusion, frustration and anger. We further note that racism can show up in the following forms: (a) ‘Safe School’ laws, which cause a very high percentage of Afro-descendent students to be suspended or expelled from school; (b) Dropping out of school before completing their education, and its adverse effect on their life chances; (c) A smaller percentage of Afro-descendants going on to post-secondary education and training compared to other ethnic and racial groups; (d) Youth who cannot effectively compete in the high-tech employment sector along with other racial and ethnic groups; (e) Much higher unemployment rates among Afro-descendants; (f) Due to the higher unemployment rates, Afro-descendent youths tend to get involved in antisocial behaviour, which bring them into conflict with law enforcement authorities; (g) Afro-descendent youths tend to be criminalized in the justice system more than other racial groups. 8. Therefore, we consider that there is a need to ensure equal access to quality education at all levels as well as equal access to employment opportunities; 9. We consider that these development initiatives must be supported by social programmes that include post-traumatic syndrome treatment following systemic racism and antisocial behaviour and natural disasters (for example, hurricanes Katrina/Ivan);