A/HRC/30/50 K. Challenges: exploring the complexities of using sport to promote human rights, preventing human rights abuses and detrimental practices related to sport 69. As with any social activity, sport may have negative side effects.14 The challenges faced are generally the same worldwide, with some differences owing to culture. Among the main challenges are raising awareness among sporting actors that they are a vector for the promotion of sporting values and ensuring that stakeholders make every effort to prevent politicization of sport in any form. One of the key questions is how to create a culture where people respect human rights and endorse the Olympic ideals. 70. Cultural, political or armed conflicts and a low level of economic development also present significant challenges. In many countries, owing to the low level of economic development or a sudden increase in demand for sporting activities, access to well-equipped sporting facilities is not available to everyone. Uneven development and social conflicts are also among the constraints for people’s participation in sport. In addition, a special focus should be placed on religious and cultural issues. In some countries, for instance, women are prohibited from practicing sport or still face difficulties in accessing competitions. Insufficient policies to promote the participation of women in sport and a lack of infrastructure in developing countries thus remain central challenge in the universalization of sport as a means to promote human rights. 71. Numerous incidents have demonstrated the challenges faced in promoting human rights through sport and the Olympic ideal. These include the sporting boycott of South Africa during the apartheid era; attitudes towards the athlete Jesse Owens at the Berlin Olympics in 1936; and the Munich massacre in 1972, in which members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage and killed by the Palestinian Black September group. Strategies should therefore be devised to effectively translate into reality the symbolic role sport plays in the promotion of human rights. 72. There are also challenges related to the fight against corruption, the elimination of discrimination at all levels and unfair rules and regulations. The root causes of these challenges are, inter alia, lack of awareness and a low level of social education; political or financial instability; extreme national defence strategies that may be a cause of discrimination; and customs and traditions that can impede the participation of specific groups, such as women, older persons, minorities or ethnic groups. 73. Many good education materials on sport and Olympic values have been produced in recent years. They do not however sufficiently reach their target audiences, especially in formal education systems. Through the Education Partnership, the International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education, the International Fair Play Committee, the International Olympic Committee, the International Paralympic Committee, UNESCO and the World Anti-Doping Agency have joined forces to teach values through sport, using culture- and age-specific materials to give practical support school teachers. 74. Sport has also been connected to the trafficking of children, particularly from developing and the least developed countries; young people who leave school early; doping; and identity fraud in selections of some young people who have already passed the age of eligibility. 75. Another major issue is the area of unregulated betting. The global volume of unregulated sport betting is estimated at hundreds of billions of dollars per year. Combined 14 16 Summary of the high-level interactive panel discussion of the Human Rights Council, A/HRC/20/11, para. 10.