A/HRC/28/54 X. Progress in the development of international law Convention on the Rights of the Child and its optional protocols 48. In November 2014, the Special Representative participated in the celebration of the 25th anniversary of the adoption of the Convention on the Rights of the Child together with, among others, the Chair of the Committee on the Rights of the Child, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children and the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. She addressed the General Assembly and called upon Member States to honour the commitments that they have made to children, recalling that governments bear the primary responsibility for the respect, protection and fulfilment of the rights of children. The Special Representative utilized field missions to South Sudan and Somalia to reiterate that message and strongly advocate for accession to the Convention on the Rights of the Child. She gained commitments from the Presidents of both States to expedite the accession process. The Special Representative welcomes the decision taken on 15 December 2014 by the Federal Parliament of Somalia to ratify the Convention. 49. The Special Representative continued to encourage Member States to sign and ratify the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict and to enact legislation to criminalize the recruitment and use of children. During the reporting period, she held bilateral meetings with United Nations Member States that had not ratified and/or signed the treaty, and actively briefed regional organizations, civil society and regional groups on the matters so as to coordinate advocacy. Moreover, in September 2014, the Special Representative sent letters to all States that had not yet ratified the Optional Protocol. In 2014, an additional seven States ratified the Protocol, namely the Dominican Republic, Estonia, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, St. Lucia and the State of Palestine. To date, the Optional Protocol has 129 signatories and 159 parties. 50. The Special Representative welcomes the entry into force of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure on 14 April 2014, as it will strengthen the overall architecture and redress mechanisms of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and its Optional Protocol on the involvement of children in armed conflict. XI. Progress in achieving accountability for violations of children’s rights 51. Despite increasing violations in a number of situations, it is a sad reality that perpetrators of grave violations of child rights are rarely brought to justice. Several factors limit access to justice for children and facilitate impunity, such as breakdown in the rule of law, corruption, ambiguity and gaps in the law, poverty and insecurity. The Special Representative continued to work with United Nations bodies, offices, justice actors, NGOs and other key interlocutors to pursue accountability and overcome those barriers. She also continued to call for accountability for violations of the rights of children in bilateral and multilateral meetings with United Nations Member States. 52. The devastating nature of the violence in the Central African Republic demanded a robust response from the international community and the United Nations system demonstrated a deep commitment to address impunity and put in place justice mechanisms. In April 2014, the Security Council adopted resolution 2149 that allows the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic 14