A/HRC/42/51 deliberately attacking protected objects and intentionally attacking medical personnel. 16 Moreover, a palpable fear of violence and duress, caused by the persistent shelling of civilian-inhabited areas and the targeting of specially protected objects in the demilitarized zone, was documented. Indeed, residents recalled keeping their lights off and restricting their movements due to the fear of aerial attacks, creating an environment in which civilians were left with no choice but to flee. 53. The Commission has noted a number of fires affecting agricultural crops, which are indispensable to the survival of the civilian population. In some cases, the fires may have been the result of the use of incendiary weapons by pro-government forces in the vicinity of agricultural areas. Investigations are ongoing. 54. The Commission notes with grave concern that the civilians of Idlib Governorate have also suffered from persecution over the past year. Previously, the Commission had found that Levant Liberation Organization terrorists had perpetrated the mass arbitrary detention of political dissenters. C. Afrin (Aleppo) 55. Overall, security conditions within Afrin and adjacent districts remained dire throughout the reporting period. While infighting between rival armed groups persisted in 2019, a formal security structure under the so-called Syrian National Army framework, comprising most Olive Branch factions, had consolidated control over the region (A/HRC/40/70, para. 35). The armed factions within this framework have de facto carved up the province in geographic zones of influence. Local residents consistently described chaotic security conditions, a general absence of the rule of law and repeated cases of kidnappings, abductions, torture, extortion and assassinations. Such human rights violations by Syrian National Army factions during the period under review have followed a persistent and clearly discernible pattern. 56. The security situation was further exacerbated by an insurgency campaign directed against the Turkish presence and supporting armed factions in the north-west of the country, primarily fought by Kurdish insurgent actors linked to the Kurdish People’s Protection Units operating out of Tall Rif‘at and the surrounding areas. 57. Civilians were regularly caught in the crossfire of rival factions or insurgent activity, or directly subjected to flagrant human rights violations. For example, on 28 May in Jindayris, a 35-year-old husband and father of three girls and one boy died while standing outside his shop during an exchange of fire that had erupted between two armed groups operating under the Syrian National Army. 58. While Afrin district witnessed a series of bomb attacks during the reporting period, a major incident on 2 June in the town of I‘zaz caused the death of at least 13 civilians, including 8 men, 2 women and 3 boys, while injuring 15 others. At around 9.45 p.m., a time when the so-called Kurdish market was heavily crowded with residents leaving a nearby mosque following the end of evening prayers, a car bomb exploded at the market killing and injuring a large number of civilians. V. Impact of the ongoing conflict A. Afrin (Aleppo) 59. Throughout Afrin, the dire security situation continued to foster an environment in which human rights abuses were committed, including abductions and kidnappings, often for a combination of economic, political and security reasons. The victims of abductions by 16 A/HRC/27/60, paras. 109–111; A/HRC/33/55, paras. 42–65; and A/HRC/34/64, paras. 30–40. On 3 May 2016, moreover, the Security Council adopted resolution 2286 (2016), condemning attacks on medical facilities and personnel in conflict situations. 11