A/HRC/42/51 armed groups and/or criminal gangs were often of Kurdish origin, as well as civilians perceived as being prosperous, including doctors, businesspersons and merchants. Victims regularly disappeared when travelling, primarily at checkpoints, or were abducted from their homes at night. For example, the Commission documented a case in which, on 13 May, two men and a child with intellectual disabilities had been kidnapped by an armed group when travelling from Afrin to I‘zaz. One of those abducted was reportedly found dead a few days later displaying signs of torture, while the kidnappers demanded a ransom of $10,000 for the remaining abductees. Accounts received by the Commission indicated that the second man was discovered dead 40 days after the incident, also with visible signs of torture; thereafter, the remains of the child were found. 60. Individuals, including activists openly critical of the armed groups and those perceived to be supporters of the former administration, were regularly arrested, detained, tortured and extorted. For example, one interviewee described that, after his arrest by an armed group in January, he had suffered severe beatings and burns while in detention, until the sum of $600 had been paid for his release. In another case in February, one journalist was arrested by an armed group in Afrin, and was accused of sharing information with foreign news agencies. He was severely beaten during his interrogation. 61. Residents stated to the Commission that recent waves of arrests were perceived by the local population as designed primarily to generate financial income for armed groups. In this regard, the Commission received reports that young men arrested on suspicion of being affiliated with Kurdish structures were forced to pay a fine of $400 in order to be released. 62. Displaced civilians returning to Afrin have been frequently barred from accessing their property if it had been appropriated by members of armed groups and their families. Others were required to pay up to several thousand dollars to have their goods and vehicles returned to them after they had been stolen (see also A/HRC/39/65, para. 29). Reports received by the Commission indicate that farmers were forced to pay “taxes” in order to cultivate their lands. Olive farmers were similarly required to cede a certain percentage of their harvest as “taxes” to armed groups. Furthermore, the Commission received several reports regarding the pillaging of historical and archaeological sites by armed groups, including Tel Jenderes. These reports are under investigation. 63. Reports received by the Commission also indicated that, particularly in areas under the control of armed factions following extremist ideologies, 17 severe restrictions on women’s rights had been imposed in recent months. Violations include the imposition of strict dress codes for women and girls and limitations on freedom of movement. At the same time, women and girls were harassed by armed group members, in particular when attempting to pass checkpoints. 64. Victims who lodged complaints to local councils, the military police and Turkish officials consistently stated that the parties in control remained either unwilling or unable to provide effective redress. The Commission received no indication that the Turkish authorities were either capable of or willing to control the misconduct of armed groups. 65. The Commission continued to receive reports alleging that the Turkish authorities were controlling, coordinating and financing administrative, judicial and executive structures. Residents pointed out that Syrian judges and lawyers were appointed by, or in coordination with, the Turkish authorities, and that civilian police officers were also being selected and trained by them (A/HRC/40/70, para. 70). Reportedly, officials of Kurdish origin who had previously worked in institutions had frequently been replaced by persons of Arab descent. Even so, interviewees continued to describe administrative as well as executive structures as largely incapable of addressing grievances spawned by the unlawful conduct of dozens of armed groups. 66. The Commission finds that there are reasonable grounds to believe that members of the armed groups in Afrin continued to commit the war crimes of hostage-taking, cruel treatment, torture (see paras. 59–61 above) and pillage (see para. 62 above). 17 12 These include Ahrar al-Sham, Faylaq al-Sham, Jaysh Usud al-Sharqiyah and Nur al-Din al-Zinki.