A/HRC/44/52 independent news media and government-affiliated media entities, freelancers and other news media workers, including photo-journalists, editors and camera operators; (b) Ratify the International Labour Organization Violence and Harassment Convention, 2019 (190) and use it jointly with the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women to extend protective measures to women journalists in the formal and informal sector by recognizing that the “world of work” for a woman journalist extends beyond a traditional workplace and environment, and that violence and harassment come in many forms; (c) Bring laws, policies and practices fully into compliance with obligations and commitments under international human rights law and, where necessary, amend them so that they do not limit the ability of women journalists and media workers to carry out their work independently and without undue interference; (d) Prohibit and criminalize sexual harassment and other forms of genderbased violence against women journalists, including threats of rape and other forms of gender-based violence such as online or ICT-facilitated forms of violence against women journalists, encourage reporting of harassment or violence, remove any statute of limitation for prosecution and provide adequate reparations and compensation for victims; (e) Recognize “doxing” against women journalists as a form of genderbased violence against women and address it through relevant legal and policy measures, including the establishment of a reporting mechanism for women journalists who become victims of it; (f) Address factors that increase the likelihood of violence and harassment in the world of work for women journalists, including discrimination, abuse of power relations and cultural and social norms that support violence and harassment, and create internal mechanisms against sexual harassment in the workplace; (g) Train male journalists on gender-based violence against women by sensitizing them to gender equality and gender-based violence against women and girls; (h) Create special investigative units or independent commissions, such as media councils and tribunals that are independent of government, to address issues related to women journalists, in particular gender-based violence; (i) Support the establishment by media organizations or civil society of early-warning and rapid-response mechanisms, such as hotlines, online platforms or 24-hour emergency contact points, to ensure that journalists and other media actors have immediate access to protective measures when threatened; (j) Undertake adequate measures to protect the rights and safety of women journalists involved in situations of armed conflict, during periods of elections, in peaceful assemblies during times of crisis, climate change, natural disasters and health pandemics (such as COVID 19), taking into account their specific role, exposure and vulnerability. Also take appropriate gender-specific and timely preventive operational measures, such as providing police protection, especially when it is requested by journalists or other media actors, or voluntary evacuation to a safe place; (k) Establish a dialogue with journalists’ organizations and civil society for the promotion of best practices for the gender-specific protection of journalists and other media actors and for combating impunity; (l) Develop protocols and training programmes for police, prosecutors and judges who are responsible for fulfilling State obligations concerning the protection of the freedom of expression and human rights of women journalists and other media actors. The protocols and training programmes should be used to ensure that the personnel of all State agencies are fully aware of the relevant State obligations under international human rights law and humanitarian law, and the actual implications of those obligations for each agency; 18