A/HRC/34/55 Cooperation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption, and incorporate the 2009 Guidelines for the Alternative Care of Children into national legislation; (b) Adopt clear and comprehensive legislation that prohibits and criminalizes illegal adoption as a separate offence, as well as the sale of and trafficking in children that result in illegal adoptions, with sanctions that reflect the gravity of the crimes; (c) Review national laws and regulations to ensure that they do not contribute to the creation or maintenance of an enabling environment for illegal adoptions; (d) Strengthen and invest more in effective national child protection systems, inter alia, by increasing support to vulnerable families, by providing alternative childcare measures in which adoption and in particular intercountry adoption respect the principle of subsidiarity and ensure the best interests of the child and by establishing adequate birth registration mechanisms; (e) Establish and implement a single, well-recognized process for adoption that includes a holistic assessment of the child’s full range of rights, and prohibit private and independent adoptions; (f) Adopt adequate regulation on procedures and safeguards in relation to domestic and intercountry adoptions, including in relation to the determination of adoptability, and establish effective and well-resourced mechanisms for overseeing adoption processes, especially with respect to strictly verifying the background of any child who is declared an orphan and his or her documents; (g) Take particular care in the use of adoption orders to establish a parentchild relationship in cases of international commercial surrogacy, and ensure that the adoption order is consistent with the child’s rights and best interests, in order to avoid the illegal adoption of children born through international commercial surrogacy; (h) Establish and implement standardized information systems to obtain and share accurate and reliable data on domestic and intercountry adoptions, on children subject to adoption and on their family and background; (i) Establish mechanisms for addressing the concerns of adoptees, adoptive parents and biological parents about the circumstances of an adoption and for facilitating the search for origins and the request for reparations where appropriate, providing adequate psychosocial support when necessary; (j) Ensure the right to information about one’s origins and access to information about the rights of victims of illegal adoptions, and facilitate the work of victims’ organizations in that respect, including in terms of helping them to trace biological parents and children; (k) Ensure the right to truth, justice, reparation and guarantees of nonrecurrence of victims of large-scale illegal adoptions, inter alia, by reforming institutions that were either involved in or incapable of preventing abuses, and guarantee the effective and meaningful participation of victims in the design and implementation of measures to obtain comprehensive redress; (l) Take effective measures to protect children who are victims of armed conflict and natural disasters from becoming victims of illegal adoption. 96. Specifically in respect of intercountry adoptions: (a) Central authorities should ensure the effective monitoring of activities of adoption accredited bodies to guarantee their transparency and accountability; 22