A/HRC/27/50 federal law governing private security companies;74 PSCs are created under the 1984 Companies Ordinance75 and each state or province has its own regulations. Thus, PSCs in Pakistan are regulated by provincial ordinances. For the purposes of this study, the ordinances of two provinces were selected: the Sindh Private Security Agencies (Regulation and Control) Ordinance, 2000 (2000 Sindh Ordinance), Sindh Province (Karachi),76 and the Punjab Private Security Companies (Regulation and Control) Ordinance, 200277 (2002 Punjab Ordinance), Punjab Province. 51. While most of the laws regulate actual security and guarding services, China’s laws also cover security guard training entities;78 India’s law provides information on PSC services and provides for training of private security guards and supervisors;79 Malaysia’s law provides information on PSC services;80 Pakistan’s Punjab Ordinance covers services such as security guards for persons, property and cash-in transit. The law in the Philippines covers private detectives and security guards, while Singapore’s law defines private investigators, security officers and the provision of security service, including the provision of alarm surveillance services and Sri Lanka’s law covers the provision of services to protect public-sector officers and State-owned property. China’s law also provides for the public sector to engage the services of PSCs directly. Other than China and Sri Lanka, none of the other States make direct reference to the engagement of PSCs by the public sector, nor do they expressly prohibit the use of PSCs by public sector organizations. 52. All the laws focus on the provision of private security services in the domestic sphere; however India’s law further provides for the export of private security activities, but states that the provision of private security services abroad is prohibited without the permission of the Controlling Authority, which, in turn, requires the permission of the Central Government. Furthermore, India’s law does not permit foreign companies to engage in or provide private security services under its jurisdiction, unless they are registered in India, or have a proprietor, majority shareholder, partner or director who is a citizen of India.81 China’s law also permits and limits the import of activities of foreign PSCs by prohibiting certain organizations that have public functions from contracting wholly foreign-owned or mixed-capital (Chinese and foreign) security companies.82 53. All the laws reviewed regulate PSC personnel. In some cases, the regulation is quite broad in scope. For example, China’s law does not only regulated security companies, but also the organizations that employ them, including government bodies, social organizations and public institutions, although the security guards must meet the requirements prescribed by law and may not provide services outside of the premises that they have been hired to guard or beyond the limits of the property managed by the hiring entity. 54. Article 1 of the United Arab Emirates Private Security Companies decree includes in the definition of PSCs, “any government body” as well as any “security company or institution … offering a security service, whether independently or in conjunction with 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 Pakistan is a federation comprising four provinces – Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan –, Islamabad capital territory and federally administered tribal areas in the northwest, which include the frontier regions. Pakistan, Companies Ordinance, No. XLVII of 1984. The Ordinance came into force immediately, but was published on 3 January 2001as Sindh Ordinance No. II of 2001. Pakistan, Punjab Ordinance No. LXIX of 2002. China, State Council Order No. 564, 2009, chap. VI. India, Act No. 29, 2005, sect. 9 (2). Malaysia, Act 27, 1971, sect. 2 India, Act No. 29, 2005, sects. 4 and 6 (2). China, State Council Order No. 564, 2009, sect. 22. 15