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69. Although some of these formulations may be subject to debate, for the purposes of this
report these “building blocks” are a useful way of looking at a health system. Of course, each
“building block” has generated a huge literature over many years.
70. For present purposes, three short points demand emphasis. First, these are not only
“building blocks” for a health system, they are also “building blocks” for the right to the highest
attainable standard of health. Like a health system, the right to health requires health services,
health workers, health information, medical products, financing and stewardship.
71. Second, in practice, the “building blocks” might not have all the features required by the
right to the highest attainable standard of health. For example, a country might have a health
information system, one of the WHO “building blocks”. But the information system might not
include appropriately disaggregated data, which is one of the requirements of the right to health.
In short, an essential “building block” might be in place, but without all the features required by
international human rights law.
72. Third, the crucial challenge is to apply - or integrate - the right to the highest attainable
standard of health, as well as other human rights, across the six “building blocks”. The general
approach outlined in the preceding section has to be consistently and systematically applied to
health services, health workers, health information, medical products, financing and
stewardship - all the elements that together constitute a functioning health system.
73. The systematic application of the right to health to the six “building blocks” is likely to
have a variety of results. In some cases, the right to health will reinforce existing features of the
“building blocks” that routinely receive the attention they deserve. In other cases, the application
of the right will identify existing features of the “building blocks” that tend to be overlooked in
practice and that require much more attention, such as the disaggregation of data on appropriate
grounds. It is also possible that the application of the right may identify features that, although
important, are not usually regarded as forming any part of the six “building blocks”.30
E. Applying the general approach: some specific measures
for health system strengthening
74. Because of space constraints, it is not possible in this report to apply the right to the highest
attainable standard of health across the “building blocks” that together constitute a health system.
Such an ambitious undertaking must be the subject of further studies. However, the present
section begins to apply the right to the highest attainable standard of health to two “building
blocks” of WHO: (i) a health workforce and (ii) leadership, governance and stewardship.
Although this is a brief application of the right to the highest attainable standard of health, it
gives a sense of the practical implications of the general approach outlined in section C above in
relation to the health system “building blocks” signalled in section D above.
30
Such as ex ante impact assessments (see paragraphs below on planning).
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