A/HRC/31/58 of double criminality is often a stumbling block for the prosecution of offences committed abroad. The Committee on the Rights of the Child has thus consistently called for the waving of that principle in the context of child sexual exploitation. 55 63. International cooperation between law enforcement agencies and initiatives led by the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) and the European Police Office (Europol) have facilitated the pursuit of accountability in the context of transnational child sexual exploitation. With the help of the International Child Sexual Exploitation image database, around 3,800 offenders have been identified.56 The Virtual Global Taskforce, which consists of law enforcement partners including INTERPOL and Europol and a number of private sector partners, is also of particular interest. It focuses on online child sexual abuse and child sexual exploitation and has led to successful operations such as Operation Atlas, Operation Endeavour and Operation Rescue. The first led to the arrest across the globe of 303 individuals involved in the sharing and distribution of child sexual abuse material. The second concerned the live streaming of child sexual abuse on demand in the Philippines and led to 29 international arrests. The third led to the dismantling of a global paedophile ring and 184 arrests across the world. 57 Regrettably, it is unclear how many of those arrests led to convictions. 64. In the specific case of military and peacekeeping troops and personnel, there is a lack of accountability in instances of sexual exploitation of children. 58 Concrete measures are needed to ensure that those offenders are also prosecuted and convicted either at the international or national level. As far as United Nations peacekeeping troops and personnel are concerned, the Secretary-General has outlined a series of measures to ensure the investigation of those crimes and the prosecution of the perpetrators through the creation of immediate response teams, the imposition of strong sanctions, the repatriation of contingents and the referral to judicial authorities of host countries and contributing countries.59 He has also established an external independent review panel to assess the response of the United Nations to allegations of sexual exploitation and sexual abuse and other serious crimes by members of foreign military forces not under United Nations command in the Central African Republic. The Special Rapporteur looks forward to the panel’s findings and hopes they will improve accountability. 65. The experience of child victims and their satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the outcome of the trials in their cases needs to be taken into consideration. To ensure the prosecution and conviction of offenders, it is crucial to adopt child-sensitive justice procedures that facilitate the provision of testimony. In that regard, there has been a substantial amount of work and standard setting achieved, notably resulting in 2005 in the Guidelines on Justice in Matters involving Child Victims and Witnesses of Crime of 2005.60 As has been outlined above, the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography also places emphasis on the need for adequate procedures to seek compensation for damages from those legally responsible and the Committee on the Rights of the Child has continuously called on States to take all the measures necessary to implement the right to reparation. The 55 56 57 58 59 60 16 See CRC/C/OPSC/TGO/CO/1; CRC/C/OPSC/PHL/CO/1; CRC/C/DEU/CO/3-4. See www.interpol.int/Crime-areas/Crimes-against-children/Online-child-abuse-Q-As. See http://virtualglobaltaskforce.com/what-we-do/ and http://virtualglobaltaskforce.com/2015/vgtannounces-over-300-arrests-from-operation-atlas-2/. Isabelle Talleyrand, “Military Prostitution: How the Authorities Worldwide Aid and Abet International Trafficking in Women” Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce, vol. 27 (2000), pp. 151-176; A/59/710; A/69/779. See A/70/357-S/2015/682, paras. 119-121. See Economic and Social Council resolution 2005/20, annex.