A/HRC/31/58 satisfy personal sexually abusive drives, desires and fantasies. Their reward is direct sexual gratification with the child and the sexual services of various types that they seek to obtain from their victim. They generate demand. 26. Individual offenders can be broadly distinguished between those who have a preference for children and those who are considered to be situational offenders. The first group of offenders is generally equated with paedophilia, a psychiatric disorder characterized by a primary or exclusive sexual interest in prepubescent children. Nonetheless, there are other preferential offenders who cannot be classified as paedophiles. They include, for example, offenders who seek to have sexual intercourse with pubescent virgins, for a variety of motivations.8 27. The notion of paedophilia is complex and there are several varying definitions. The definition used by the World Health Organization is slightly broader than others; it is “a sexual preference for children, boys or girls or both, usually of prepubertal or early pubertal age”.9 The medical condition is often widely used to characterize any adult who has sexual intercourse with a minor, yet the definitions above indicate that the general consensus is that a paedophile has a preference for young children. Furthermore, offenders are considered to be paedophiles if they are at least 16 years old and 5 years older than their victims.10 Different subgroups have been identified among paedophiles, ranging from fixated to regressed and aggressive. 11 A fixated offender will go to great lengths to reach a child and is often associated with such methods as grooming. Regressed offenders, on the other hand, often require facilitators before acting and will target unknown victims. Aggressive offenders also derive their sexual gratification from the sense of power and control they feel by inflicting pain on the child. 28. As indicated above, certain preferential offenders cannot be described as paedophiles as they are interested solely in pubescent children. The specific sexual interest in teenagers is called hebephilia12 and derives from a range of factors linked to the underlying level of demand. A strong motivation for committing such sexual exploitation of children is, for instance, linked to the context of sexually transmitted diseases with offenders believing that virgins or young children pose less of a health risk. 13 There are also other practices, such as adults becoming sexually involved with teenagers in exchange for money or goods. This phenomenon is present across the world and those adults are often referred to as “sugar daddies”,14 and the practice is often referred to as “compensated 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Information provided by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Regional Office for South-East Asia and the Pacific. World Health Organization, International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, 10th revision (2010), F65.4. Ryan Hall and Richard Hall, “A Profile of Pedophilia: Definition, Characteristics of Offenders, Recidivism, Treatment Outcomes, and Forensic Issues”, Mayo Clinic Proceedings, vol. 82, No. 4 (April 2007), p. 457. K.F. McCartan, “Current understandings of paedophilia and the resulting crisis in modern society”, in Psychological Sexual Dysfunctions, Jayson M. Caroll and Marta K. Alena, eds. (New York, Nova Publishers, 2008), p. 58. Ryan Hall and Richard Hall, “A Profile of Pedophilia”, p. 458. Adele Jones, “‘Pimping Your Child’: Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Transactional Child Sexual Abuse”, in Understanding Child Sexual Abuse: Perspectives from the Carribean, Adele Jones, ed. (Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), pp. 121-122. Nancy Luke, “Confronting the ‘Sugar Daddy’ Stereotype: Age and Economic Asymmetries and Risky Sexual Behavior in Urban Kenya”, International Family Planning Perspectives, vol. 31, No. 1 (March 2005), p. 6. 7