A/HRC/23/47 Contents Page I. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 3 II. Activities of the Special Rapporteur ....................................................................... 2–25 3 III. 2 Paragraphs A. Communications ............................................................................................ 2–3 3 B. Visits ............................................................................................................... 4–6 3 C. Press releases .................................................................................................. 7–15 3 D. International and national meetings ................................................................ 16–24 4 E. Intended future areas of research .................................................................... 25 5 Lethal autonomous robotics and the protection of life ........................................... 26–108 5 A. The emergence of LARs ................................................................................. 37–56 7 B. LARs and the decision to go to war or otherwise use force ............................ 57–62 11 C. The use of LARs during armed conflict ......................................................... 63–74 12 D. Legal responsibility for LARs ........................................................................ 75–81 14 E. The use of LARs by States outside armed conflict ......................................... 82–85 16 F. Implications for States without LARs ............................................................. 86–88 16 G. Taking human decision-making out of the loop ............................................. 89–97 16 H. Other concerns ................................................................................................ 98–99 18 I. LARs and restrictive regimes on weapons ...................................................... 100–108 19 IV. Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 109–112 20 V. Recommendations ................................................................................................... 113–126 21 A. To the United Nations ..................................................................................... 113–115 21 B. To regional and other inter-governmental organizations ............................... 116–117 22 C. To States ........................................................................................................ 118–121 22 D. To developers of robotic systems ................................................................... 122 22 E. To NGOs, civil society and human rights groups and the ICRC ................... 123–126 22